Inequality Stagnation in Latin America in the Aftermath of the Global Financial Crisis

Between 2003 and 2010, Latin America experienced a solid record of economic growth, coupled with a notable reduction in income inequality. The regional Gini coefficient fell from 0.556 to 0.521 and declined in all 15 out of 17 countries in which frequent data are available. However, previous studies have warned about problems in the sustainability of the decline in income inequality and this study presents evidence of stagnation on this front between 2010 and 2013. The results are robust to various measures of income inequality, but differ across the region. While largely attributable to the recovery from the global financial crisis in Mexico and some countries in Central America, the results are also supported by the demonstrated slowdown in inequality reduction in other countries, including Brazil, Ecuador and Bolivia.     

Community gardening and health-related benefits for a rural Victorian town

Community gardens are growing in popularity as a strategy to effectively deal with population health at a local level. There is a need to gather information about the health-related benefits of community gardens for people living in a rural locale. This paper discusses the health-related benefits of rural community gardens. We adopted a qualitative approach to examine these issues. Ten participants, eight females and two males, aged between 50 and 82, who have participated in a community garden located in South Gippsland, Victoria, for a minimum of 12 months, took part in this study. Semi-structured interviews that lasted between 30 and 60 min were conducted to explore the perspectives and lived experiences of the participants. Thematic analysis was utilised to analyse the data. We situate our discussion in this paper within the therapeutic landscape theory. Findings indicate that there is a range of health-related benefits associated with participation in rural community gardens, including physical, nutritional, social and psychological. Despite these benefits, the participants wished to see some improvements that could attract more people in rural areas to participate in community gardens. Given the paucity of research available regarding rural community gardens, future research should continue to develop an understanding of these rural sites, especially given the ever-growing popularity of community gardens Australia-wide.     

Explanations for continued gender discrimination in South Korean workplaces

This paper investigates potential explanations for the continued gender discrimination in South Korean workplaces despite decades of gender policy reforms and improved education for women. Making use of both primary and secondary data sources, the institutional theory, the voluntary compliance regulatory enforcement strategy and the typology of regulatory noncompliance provide a framework from which four explanations regarding the origin and nature of Korean firm equal opportunity (EO) compliance issues are derived. Identified through data analysis, explanations include a lack of legal enforcement, a weak punishment system, a tacit acceptance of the status quo by women, organizational cultural issues stemming from the traditional Korean mind-set that allow gender discrimination and a general lack of knowledge about EO regulations by many companies. Reforms and paradigm changes addressing these gender policy compliance issues could yield considerable social benefits in reducing the scope and quantity of gender discrimination in Korean workplaces.     

Comparative effectiveness and student choice for online and face-to-face classwork

The authors examined learning and task choices made by students when the same interactive course design was used online and face-to-face. A survey was administered in an operations management course covering both conceptual and quantitative topics. Course grades were compared and correlations were measured to determine relevant relationships. Results showed that online students performed equally as well as face-to-face students. The most important task choice for face-to-face success was regular class attendance, whereas for online students it was completion of interactive worksheets. Passive textbook reading was neither chosen as often, nor significant to student success. Minimal uncertainty was important to success, with self-discipline, clarity of instructions, and virtual presence of an instructor most important.     

An investigation into the development and progressive adaptation of graduate attributes in tourism programmes

As higher education institutes are embracing the notion of graduate attributes, it has become highly desirable to embed these attributes within programmes. This study proposes to investigate students’ views of recently identified graduate attributes in the Dublin Institute of Technology (Ireland), and how they perceive their development and application in their tourism programme. The study supports the idea of the importance of placement in the progressive adaptation of learning and in translating the conception of attributes. While students strongly believe that graduate attributes are developed through the placement experience, it is equally important to embed and strengthen the visibility of the graduate attributes building blocks throughout the programme.     

Time Discounting and the Overexploitation of Coral Reefs

Environmental and Resource Economics - The incentive to overexploit a fishery resource is thought to exist if the resource owner’s discount rate is sufficiently higher than the biological...     

Strategic groups,asymmetrical mobility barriers and contestability

This paper examines the literature on strategic groups and extends it: first, by clarifying the distinction between two alternate approaches to forming groups, emphasizing that multivariate group analysis can be used to conserve information not only summarize it as bivariate grouping does; second, by focusing attention on the importance of asymmetrical mobility barriers and competitive advantage in the process of industry consolidation and concentration; and third, by linking groups and the concept of contestability in an effort to make some progress towards explaining the evolution of industry structure.     

Consumer attitudes toward Canadian-made versus imported products

A survey of 635 Canadian men and women revealed that overall attitudes toward Canadian-made products were positive, especially among women. Cynicism existed among men and among persons who were older, had higher educations, higher incomes and higher status occupations. For clothing and footwear products Canadian-made rated high, but Japanese-made rated higher for automobiles and home entertainment equipment, while European wines were rated ahead of Canadian wines. The last purchase in each product category studied was frequently Canadian-made. Consumers favored purchasing Canadian-made products in the future except for home entertainment equipment. Implications for Canadian industry, marketing and government policy are drawn.     

An Empirical Investigation of 1983 Farm Mortgagors in Western Canada

Cross-sectional data from the 1984 Farm Credit Corporation (FCC) survey are used to investigate the characteristics of farm operators who participated in the 1983 long-term agricultural credit market and to investigate the determinants of loan size. Discriminant analysis is used to analyze differences in socioeconomic characteristics among FCC clients, borrowers from other government agencies, borrowers from private sources, and nonborrowers, while regression models, adjusted for sampling bias, are used to reveal the determinants of size of long-term loans from the FCC. The results are tentative due to the cross-sectional properties of the data, but they seem to show that the Farm Credit Corporation is fulfilling its stated aims both in its selection of clients and in its tendency to grant larger loans to the clients it is mandated to serve. Les données sectorielles du sondage en 1984 de la Société du crédit agricole (SCA) sont utilisées pour examiner les caractéristiques des opérateurs d'exploitations agricoles qui ont participé au marché du crédit agricole è long terme en 1983 et pour examiner les déterminants de l'importance de l'emprunt. Une analyse discriminante est utilisee pour étu-dier les différences dans les caractéristiques socioéconomiques parmi les clients de la SCA, les emprunteurs è d'autres agences gouvernementales, les emprunteurs à des sources privées, et ceux qui n'empruntent pas, tandis que les modeles de regression, reajustes pour le biais de llechantillonnage, sont utilises pour reveler les determinants de 1'importance des emprunts a long terme à la SCA. Les resultats sont provisoires du aux qualites sectorielles des donnees, mais ils indiquent que la Societe du credit agricole semble accomplir ses objectifs enonces à la fois dans sa selection de clients et dans sa tendance à accorder de plus gros emprunts aux clients qu'elle doit servir.