The implications of environmental costs on air passenger demand for different airline business models

Various environmental measures, including both regulations and fiscal instruments, have been used at airports globally to reduce the impacts of aircraft noise as well as aircraft engine emissions. Internationally, it is recognized that the costs of environmental and social externalities of air transport must be internalized and paid for by the aviation industry and its users. The use of noise related charges or taxes, which theoretically should be based on their respective social costs, has been proved to be effective at some European airports. This research aims to investigate the impacts of environmental costs, through environmental charges, on air passenger demand for different airline business models. The paper presents the mathematical models measuring the social costs of aircraft noise and engine emissions as a basis for setting up environmental charges. Six intra-European short-haul routes in two city pairs, namely London–Amsterdam and London–Paris, are selected for the empirical analysis. The environmental charges are then hypothetically applied to airlines with two different business models, full service carriers (British Airways and Air France-KLM) and low cost airlines (EasyJet). The results show that the potential percentages of demand reduction for both leisure and business passengers would be higher for Easyjet's markets, although with less environmental cost per passenger.     

我国基本公共服务均等化的标准设计

基本公共服务均等化标准是实现均等化的基本途径。制定基本公共服务均等化标准必须坚持城乡一体化原则、平等与均衡相统一原则、机会均等优先原则、防止平均化陷阱原则和防止福利化陷阱原则;必须从多维度视角出发,明确基本公共服务均等化标准种类上的民生性、数量上的最低性、阶段上的动态性、形式上的多样性以及构成上的多元性。     

Investigating passengers’ intentions to use technology-based self check-in services

As more and more airlines have introduced technology-based self check-in services, it has become increasingly important to understand the factors affecting airline passengers’ attitudes toward this new form of check-in services and also their intentions, especially from Asian passengers’ perspectives. An empirical study was conducted among Taiwanese airline passengers using the technology acceptance model (TAM) as the basic research model while considering additional factors for further analysis such as external stimuli, perceived service quality, perceived behavioral control, need for service, and perceived risk. The findings revealed that attitude and external stimuli best explain passengers’ behavioral intentions to use the kiosks, whereas perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use have little effect on their intentions. These findings suggest that airlines in Taiwan should persuade passengers to acquire a more positive attitude toward the new check-in kiosks and should consider implementation of incentive strategies in encouraging passengers to adopt the self check-in service.     

我国农民收入问题研究

由于种种原因，目前城乡发展的差距正逐渐拉大，与城市相比，农村的收入水平普遍偏低，农民的收入来源有限，农民增收困难的问题越来越突出。这不仅影响到农村经济的发展，同时也严重影响到国家整体经济的有效增长。必须大力发展农村经济，并为我国农村经济的健康发展提供各种有效的保障，保证农民的经济收入得到持续有效的增长。     

Pricing to Firm: an Analysis of Firm‐ and Product‐level Import Prices*

We use Hungarian Customs data on product‐level imports of manufacturing firms to document that the import price of a particular product varies substantially across buying firms. We relate the level of import prices to firm characteristics such as size, foreign ownership, and market power. We develop a theory of “pricing to firm” (PTF), where markups depend on the technology and competitive environment of the buyer. The predictions of the model are confirmed by the data: import prices are higher for firms with greater market power, and for more essential intermediate inputs (with a high share in material costs). We take account of the endogeneity of the buyer’s market power with respect to higher import prices and unobserved cost heterogeneity within product categories. The magnitude of PTF is big: the standard deviation of price predicted by PTF is 21.5%.     

司法公正的标准——从佘祥林案看我国的刑事司法现状

法律公正的标准应当是：第一，最终的调查认定结果客观真实，对行为人的处罚适当对等，且能体现社会文明和人道主义，伸张了正义，恢复了社会心理秩序。第二，法律有事先确定的能够公正解决冲突的规则和明确的可操作的程序；法律的适用能够做到无偏见地严格地适用公开的规则，平等地对待每一方当事人，平等地对待每一个具体的案件。实体公正和程序公正的完全统一，是实现法律正义的最佳状态，但由于法律本身的局限，这种完全统一始终是人类社会追求的一种理想状态，于是正义的救济就成为一个无奈而必须的选择。     

EMULATION,PREVENTION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CONSUMPTION DYNAMICS

In this paper we show that the role of diversity, local interactions and global endogenous change at the level of social standards might be crucial in understanding the evolution of consumption patterns in modern economies. We propose an evolutionary model from which consumption dynamics can be analyzed as global properties emerging from the endogenous transformation of a society inhabited by boundedly rational interactive consumers. This work aspires to take a modest step forward in the direction of an evolutionary theory of demand change.     

A logistic regression-based pairwise comparison method to aggregate preferences

In a group decision making process, several individuals or a committee have the responsibility to choose the best alternative from a set. The problem addressed in this paper is how to aggregate personal preferences to arrive at an optimal group decision. New technologies allow individuals that may seldom or never meet to make group decisions. This paper proposes a methodology to obtain the group preference ordering in two steps. Firstly, each individual studies the problem isolated, and then, in a possibly virtual meeting, the group must agree on the preferences on some pairs of alternatives. Then, the group criterion is achieved by using a logistic regression model within the pairwise comparison framework proposed here. Properties of the procedure are studied and two illustrative examples are presented.     

论学校管理中教师主体性缺失问题

学校管理离不开教师的参与。只有在学校管理中真正赋予教师主人翁权力,激发教师主体性意识,不断增强教师认同感、归属感,才能充分调动教师积极性、能动性与创造性,从而进一步提升学校教学质量,同时反作用于学校管理使之优化,进而促使学校整体办学水平的飞跃。然而,当前我国普遍存在学校管理中教师主体性缺失这一问题,本文试图从涵义、现象、原因及应对策略几方面来对其进行分析,希望为学校管理机制的改进提供一定的参考。