Automatic balancing mechanisms for notional defined contribution accounts in the presence of uncertainty

The notional defined contribution model combines pay-as-you-go financing and a defined contribution pension formula. This paper aims to demonstrate the extent to which liquidity and solvency indicators are affected by fluctuations in economic and demographic conditions and to explore the introduction of an automatic balancing mechanism (ABM) into the pension scheme. We demonstrate that the introduction of an ABM reduces the volatility of the buffer fund and that, in most cases, the automatic mechanism that re-establishes solvency produces the highest value of the risk-adjusted notional factor.     

Financial statements based bank risk aggregation

One of the major challenges involved in risk aggregation is the lack of risk data. Recently, researchers have found that mapping financial statements into risk types is a satisfactory way to resolve the problem of data shortage and inconsistency. Nevertheless, ignoring off-balance sheet (OBS) items has so far been regarded as the usual practice in risk aggregation, which may lead to deviations in conclusions. Hence, we improve the financial statements based risk aggregation framework by mapping OBS items into risk types. Based on 487 quarterly financial statements from all 16 listed Chinese commercial banks over the period 2007–2014, we empirically study whether the overall impact of OBS activities and the individual impact of each of the OBS risk types on total risk depend on bank size. Moreover, this research divides the sample into two subsets, during and after the subprime crisis, to find out how the subprime crisis affects risks of Chinese banks. Our empirical results show that although OBS credit risk is positively linked to total risk while OBS operational risk is negatively linked to total risk for both large and small banks, the overall impact of OBS activities on total risk depends on bank size. The overall OBS activities are positively related to the large bank’s total risk while they are negatively related to the small bank’s total risk. Besides, we also found that it is the increase of liquidity risk and market risk that leads to the larger total risk of Chinese banks during the subprime crisis.     

Bank Competition with Financing and Savings Substitutes

This paper models the banking competition in loan and deposit markets on two levels. We measure the competition among different banks and among banks and non-bank financing and saving alternatives. We estimate a model of demand, cost, and market equilibrium equations for differentiated products by using data from the confidential reports that Spanish banks provide to the Bank of Spain during the period from 1988 to 2003. This database contains information on the effective interest rates on new loans and deposits, and the expected loan losses obtained from the Spanish Credit Register. The estimated price elasticities show that the products offered by different banks are close substitutes, which puts pressure on the banks’ profits margins. However, the substitutability between bank and non-bank products is much lower than the substitutability among products offered by different banks. The results also show that Spain’s entrance into the Eurozone did not cause a structural change in the demand and cost conditions of Spanish banks. The banks financed most of the imbalances between bank loans and domestic deposits before the crisis through the interbank market.     

金融投机、实需与国际大宗商品价格——信息摩擦视角下的大宗商品价格影响机制研究

本文实证考察了2005-2015年金融投机和实需对国际大宗商品现货价格的影响及其作用机理。首先对具有信息噪音属性的金融投机进行了明确识别。其次,从多个维度出发区分市场信息摩擦状态,定量分析不同信息摩擦环境中金融投机和实需的影响差异。研究发现:大宗商品价格在长期中由实需因素主导,短期中由金融投机主导;短期中,相对于低信息摩擦环境,在市场波动性较高、金融压力上升以及投资者情绪高涨的高信息摩擦环境中,以金融投机为主的信息噪音对大宗商品价格的影响更强。进一步分析证实,相比于低信息摩擦环境,高信息摩擦环境中金融交易者的市场份额反而降低。据此,本文提出稳定大宗商品市场的关键在于提高市场透明度,减少信息摩擦,从市场质量出发降低信息噪音的影响。     

Energy and CO2 emission relationships in the NAFTA trading bloc: a multi-regional multi-factor energy input–output approach

The North-America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) has brought together the economies of Canada, Mexico, and the US into forming one of the largest trading blocs worldwide (within the top CO₂ emitters). However, the current global protectionist discourse threatens the agreement. This paper analyzes the energy and energy-related CO₂ emission relationships between NAFTA countries in 2014 to gain insights into the climate change implications of current integration and the possible cancelation of the agreement. The analysis is performed with a multi-regional version of the multi-factor energy input–output model. The results show that NAFTA has not built a single integrated energy system, though it has helped reduce energy-related CO₂ emissions. Moreover, if NAFTA is not revoked, further integration would depend on the capacity of the Mexican energy sector to converge to the performance of its trade partners’ energy sectors. Conversely, a broken deal would induce negative environmental externalities.     

新疆肉羊产业养殖模式比较分析

［目的］通过分析新疆肉羊产业3种养殖模式的资源要素需求特点,探讨不同养殖模式的成本差异,实现畜牧业有限资源约束下的肉羊养殖模式选择与布局优化。［方法］以2005—2015年新疆肉羊养殖数据与分布状况为基础,梳理放牧、半舍饲、舍饲三大主要养殖模式在资源条件、投资与设施、繁育技术、育肥技术、饲养管理与疫病防控等方面的特点,对比分析3种养殖模式的成本差异。［结果］（1）放牧模式对天然草场资源和疫病防控的要求最高; 舍饲模式对饲料、繁殖技术、育肥技术、管理技术等要求较高; 半舍饲的各种要求介于放牧与舍饲之间。（2）3种养殖模式中,舍饲模式成本最低,放牧模式产品品质最高。［结论］新疆肉羊产业发展资源丰富多样,各地区应因地制宜选择肉羊养殖模式,注重肉羊生产的科学性,加强政策指导的有效性和针对性,优化肉羊产业养殖模式布局,提升新疆肉羊产业发展水平,带动农牧民增产增效增收。     

按市场经济规则组织指导旅游工作

根据社会主义市场经济的规律和要求,结合旅游业的实际,就组织指导旅游资源开发、旅游产品营销、旅游企业产权制度改革和管理、旅游企业经营人才的选拔培养等工作,提出了措施。     

企业文化、企业培训对组织绩效的影响研究

本文从实证的角度出发,以大陆上海地区、江苏地区以及台湾地区的企业为研究对象,收集244份有效样本,以LISREL结构方程式为分析工具,企图建立企业文化、企业培训与组织绩效等构面完整的理论模型,并运用大量数据进行统计分析,以解释高阶主管支持、企业文化强度对企业培训、组织绩效的影响。     

跨越发展与制度创新

制度是发展的关键因素,跨越发展中的开放先导、结构优化、科技进步都依赖于制度创新。因此,不发达地区要实现跨越式发展,就必须进行大规模的经济、社会改革,完成一系列制度创新的工作和任务。     

承接产业转移是加快广西民营经济发展的重要途径

东部地区某些产业的转移及广西的相应承接,对转移者与承接者均属客观需要。广西民营经济正是利用了这一顺势而来的大好时机,在其承接中取得了明显的成效,大大加快了自身的发展。而要巩固和进一步发展这一成果,尚需在观念、发展环境和政策上作出新的对策。