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181.
In this work we present a number of urn models in which, contrary to standard Pólya urns, the number of competing alternatives is not given from the outset but may increase with the arrival of innovations. We begin by describing a variant of Pólya urns, first introduced by Fred Hoppe, in which balls of previously non-existing colors are added with some (declining) probability. We then propose new variants in which the probability of the arrival of new colors is itself subject to adaptive change depending on the success of past innovations and discuss applications to evolutionary models of technologies and industries. We numerically simulate different specifications of these urns with adaptively changing mutation rate and show that they can account for complex patterns of evolution in which periods of exploration and innovation are followed by periods in which the dynamics of the system is driven by selection among a stable set of alternatives. 相似文献
182.
It is well known that a symmetric game has only symmetric (pure strategy) Nash equilibria if its best-reply correspondences admit only increasing selections and its strategy sets are totally ordered. Several nonexamples of the literature show that this result is generally false when the totality condition of the relation that orders the strategy sets is simply dropped. Making use of the structure of interaction functions, this note provides sufficient conditions for the symmetry of all (pure strategy) Nash equilibria in symmetric games where best-reply correspondences admit only increasing selections, but strategy sets are not necessarily totally ordered. 相似文献
183.
Business groups and the determinants of corporate ownership 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
184.
自韦伯以降,宗教对人们经济态度的影响问题就一直争论不休,但现有的证据大多都基于跨国性的研究,而这些研究也因其他制度因素的不同而混乱不堪。通过对各国特定效应加以控制,我们利用世界价值观念调查项目来确定宗教信仰的强度和经济态度之间的关系。我们对有关合作、政府、职业女性、法规、节俭和市场经济等几个方面的经济态度进行了研究,还对不同的宗教派别进行了区分,区分的标准是该宗教是否在某国具有主导性地位。结果发现,一般地说,“好”的经济态度与宗教信仰有关,这里的“好”是指有益于经济增长和人均收入的增加。另一方面,信仰宗教的人种族主义倾向更强,且不赞同女性就业,但这些作用因宗教派别而异。总的来说,基督教对形成有益于经济增长的态度具有正面作用。 相似文献
185.
Luigi Prosperetti 《International Review of Economics》2009,56(3):265-273
The article briefly outlines how the two major structural causes of the financial crisis have been a massive underestimation
of the negative externalities potentially arising from malfunctioning of financial markets, and the policy decision to assign
the production of an eminently public good, financial stability, to private parties. Both ideas have been a tenet of the so-called
Greenspan doctrine. The crisis also shows that all regulators tend to be captured in the end, and thus any new legislation
should contain bright-line rules, that might look inefficient when assessed with reference to the market they regulate, but
are socially efficient, because it would be politically costly to alter them. Criminal sanctions, which after all are a social
form of regulation, should also be strengthened.
相似文献
Luigi ProsperettiEmail: |
186.
Pier Luigi Porta 《International Review of Economics》2009,56(3):251-263
The current crisis is triggering off a number of overdue reflections and interventions. The need for closer regulation of
the financial system is widely perceived to be necessary. That is no doubt necessary, but probably insufficient. A careful
overhaul of the functions of the banking and financial system is also needed. Our forefathers, at the time of the Great Depression,
were perhaps less demurring to trim a bloated financial system.
相似文献
Pier Luigi PortaEmail: |
187.
188.
In this paper we use data from the London Business School of measuredifferences in outgoing salaries of male and female graduates with a Master's in Business Administration degree. This is a relatively homogeneous population of individuals with very similar educational backgrounds, limited work histories, and who enter very similar jobs upon completion oftheir degree. Controlling for differences in individual characteristics as reported on application forms, we (r)nd that the starting salaries of women are approximately 8.6 percent less than men in identical occupations. 相似文献
189.
We calculate the costs and benefits of the largest ever US government intervention in the financial sector announced during the 2008 Columbus-day weekend. We estimate that this intervention increased the value of banks’ financial claims by $130 billion (bn) at a taxpayers’ cost of $21–$44 billion with a net benefit between $86 and $109 bn. By looking at the limited cross section, we infer that this net benefit arises from a reduction in the probability of bankruptcy, which we estimate would destroy 22% of the enterprise value. The big winners of the plan were the bondholders of the three former investment banks and Citigroup, while the losers were JP Morgan shareholders and the US taxpayers. 相似文献
190.