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About 55% of food and about 60% of non-food agricultural exports of the developing countries are sold in industrial country markets. Market access is therefore important.While the developing countries have been able to increase the market penetration of their manufactured exports in industrial countries at a remarkable rate of about 8% in the 1970s, market penetration in agricultural commodities has generally been less successful.From 1970 to 1980 the developing countries were able to increase their market penetration in processed agricultural commodities from 3.5 to 3.7%, which amounts to an average annual increase of only 0.6%. In basic agricultural products like sugar, maize, tomatoes and beef they even incurred losses in their market share that corresponded to an increase in the degree of self-sufficiency (and probably of protective trade barriers) of the industrial countries, in particular the EC. 相似文献
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We study the consumer response and tax revenue implications of the early announcement of a durable good tax. In 2015, the Danish government announced a tax hike on electric vehicles several months before its implementation. There was a dramatic surge in sales of Tesla Model S vehicles just before the tax came into effect, and a dramatic ebb in the months following. We find that the government lost 169 million DKK (23 million Euro) in tax revenue on luxury vehicles by announcing the tax change before its implementation. We further find that speculation played at most a limited role in the Tesla sales surge. In total, final consumers of Teslas gained from the roll-out of the law change by avoiding the new tax. 相似文献
256.
Privatdozent Dr. Peter F. Lutz ist Oberassistent am Institut für ?ffentliche Finanzen der Universit?t Hannover; und Tim Lohse Dipl.-?konom M.Sc. ist wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am selben Institut. 《Wirtschaftsdienst》2005,85(12):762-767
Die gro?e Koalition in Berlin sieht sich gewaltigen Herausforderungen auf dem Gebiet des Arbeitsmarktes und der Sozialpolitik
gegenüber. Entgegen allen Hoffnungen und Anstrengungen verharrt die Unterbesch?ftigung weiter auf hohem Niveau. Inwiefern
geraten Arbeitslose in die Arbeitslosigkeitsfalle? Wie k?nnte der Arbeitsmarkt für Geringqualifizierte besser organisiert
werden? 相似文献
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John T. Addison Paulino Teixeira Philipp Grunau Lutz Bellmann 《Scottish journal of political economy》2023,70(1):38-67
This article investigates the association between a measure of works council heterogeneity and plant closings in Germany, 2006–2015. Two datasets are used to identify failed establishments, while institutional heterogeneity is captured by management perceptions of the role of the works council in managerial decision making and also by allowing for works council learning. The potential moderating role of sectoral collective bargaining is also examined. We report that works councils per se are not associated with plant closure. Rather, it is establishments with disaffected councils that display higher rates of closure. The latter result does not obtain where such establishments are covered by sectoral agreements; an outcome that is consistent with the literature on the mitigation of rent-seeking behaviour, and one that also receives support from our finding that plants with dissonant councils are more likely than their consensual counterparts to transition into sectoral bargaining coverage. On the other hand, there is only limited evidence of works council learning. 相似文献
260.
Protection of creditors is a key objective of financial regulation. Where the protection needs are high, that is, in banking and insurance, regulatory solvency requirements are an instrument to prevent that creditors incur losses on their claims. The current regulatory requirements based on value at risk (V@R) and average value at risk (AV@R) limit the probability of default of financial institutions, but they fail to control the size of recovery on creditors' claims in the case of default. We resolve this failure by developing a novel risk measure, recovery V@R. Our conceptual approach is flexible and allows the construction of general recovery risk measures for various risk management purposes. We provide detailed case studies and applications. We show that recovery risk measures can be used for performance-based management of business divisions of firms and discuss how to calibrate recovery risk measures to historical regulatory standards. Finally, we analyze how recovery risk measures react to the joint distributions of assets and liabilities on firms' balance sheets and compare the corresponding capital requirements with the current regulatory benchmarks based on V@R and AV@R. 相似文献