Sex Discrimination and Occupational Segregation in the Australian Labour Market*

This paper explores the implications of the difference between the occupational distribution for males and females in a joint model determining earnings and occupation. The male/female wage differential is evaluated for a number of broad occupational classifications. This is followed by an evaluation of the role and relative importance of inter-occupational and intra-occupational effects as contributors to the overall male/female wage differential The main conclusion following from the econometric results is that intra-occupational effects dominate Thus, policies which attempt to address the gender wage differential by re-allocation of labour across occupations are unlikely to solve the problem.     

Debt Financing under Asymmetric Information

We analyze the optimal design of debt maturity, coupon payments, and dividend payout restrictions under asymmetric information. We show that, if the asymmetry of information is concentrated around long-term cash flows, firms finance with coupon-bearing long-term debt that partially restricts dividend payments. If the asymmetry of information is concentrated around near-term cash flows and there exists considerable refinancing risk, firms finance with coupon-bearing long-term debt that does not restrict dividend payments. Finally, if the asymmetry of information is uniformly distributed across dates, firms finance with short-term debt.     

Design and tests of an efficient search algorithm for accurate linear valuation systems*

Abstract. A valuation system partitions the set of goods to be valued into multiple disjoint subsets and the current value of the goods is estimated via price indexes covering these subsets. Efficient valuation systems yield a relatively small economy-wide average of mean squared errors with respect to the true total current cost of the goods. Several algorithms have been designed to search for efficient valuation systems. These algorithms, however, do not take advantage of the information contained in the characteristic parameters of the goods to be valued. We present the design and test of a search algorithm that is substantially more efficient than those in the literature. The relative efficiency of the algorithm is gained through the use of information contained in the weights, the expected values, and the variance-covariance structure of the price changes of the goods. Résumé. Un système d'évaluation subdivise l'ensemble des biens à être évalués en plusieurs sous-ensembles disjoints et la valeur actuelle des biens est estimée grâce à des indices de prix couvrant ces sous-ensembles. Des systèmes d'évaluation efficaces produisent, pour l'ensemble de l'économie, une moyenne relativement faible des erreurs moyennes au carré, par rapport au coût actuel réel total des biens. Plusieurs algorithmes ont été conçus pour découvrir des systèmes d'évaluation efficaces. Toutefois, ces algorithmes n'intègrent pas l'information que renferment les paramètres caractérisant les biens à évaluer. Nous présentons la conception et le test d'un algorithme de recherche qui s'avère considérablement plus efficace que ceux mentionnés dans les recherches antérieures. L'efficacité relative de cet algorithme est obtenue grâce à l'intégration de l'information contenue dans les pondérations, les valeurs espérées et la structure de variance-covariance des fluctuations de prix des biens.     

Efficient Financing under Asymmetric Information

This paper characterizes the conditions under which the adverse-selection problem, which may prevent a firm from issuing securities to finance an otherwise profitable investment, may be costlessly overcome by an appropriate choice of financing strategy. The conditions are specialized when the information asymmetry may be characterized by either a first-degree-stochastic-dominance or a mean-preserving-spread ordering across possible distributions of firm earnings. Possible financing strategies that resolve the information asymmetry are discussed, and the results are related to recent empirical findings concerning security issues.     

CASUAL EMPLOYMENT IN AUSTRALIA: INCIDENCE AND DETERMINANTS

Casual employment as a fraction of the employed labour force has expanded substantially during the period 1984 through 1993. This paper examines the incidence of this growth by gender, sector and industry. Separate shift-share and econometric procedures analyse ABS pooled time-series, cross-section data for the period 1984 through 1992. The shift-share analysis decomposes intra-industry growth. The fixed effects estimation results suggest recent casual employment growth in Australia is demand determined.     

Strategic Jobs and Wage Structure in the Steel Industry: 1910–1930

The concept of strategic occupations is used to explain individualistic bargaining power during the nonunion era of the U.S. steel industry. It is hypothesized that integrative technical change homogenized the wage structure, but job categories associated with strategic work resisted this pattern. The results show that the degree of wage homogenization corresponded to the degree of technical diffusion in given steel industry departments. Moreover, strategic job categories did resist the pattern of wage homogenization.     

Patrick Colquhoun

Patrick Colquhoun, ‘the father of Glasgow’, established his reputation as an able accountant, businessman and manager in the 1780s. This reputation was overshadowed by his contributions to penal reform which he made in the 1790s when he resided in London. Radzinowicz (1956) and Foucault (1977) showed that Colquhoun, in conjunction with his friend Jeremy Bentham, the famous utilitarian economist, made a significant impact on penal reform. Their contribution was encouraged by the British government in the period of turmoil which followed the French Revolution. Bentham understood the role of accounting in the management of businesses (Goldberg, 1956; Hume, 1970; Gallhofer and Haslam, 1993). He alone recognized the importance of Colquhoun's accounting knowledge and business experience and how his pragmatism enhanced his powerful cases for the adoption of new socioeconomic systems. Until now this view of Bentham has been ignored. Other historians, driven by their special interests, concentrated on one phase of Colquhoun's diverse life. None attempted to analyse the relationship between his ideas for the reform of punishment, police and poor systems and his prior experience as an accountant, businessman and manager. That relationship is the subject of this article and the objective of my research is to answer two questions. First, where did Patrick Colquhoun acquire his knowledge of business and accounting techniques? Second, how did he use his knowledge in the 1790s to build cases which influenced those in power to adopt new socioeconomic systems?