排序方式: 共有13条查询结果,搜索用时 296 毫秒
11.
There are increasing concerns that global environmental limits may soon be met as a result of increasing numbers of people coupled with increasing consumption of resources. However, the current level and rates of growth in both consumption and population vary systematically among countries grouped according to income levels. Many high income countries have population growth rates at close to replacement levels, but their per capita consumption is consistently several times higher than low income countries. Low income countries need to grow out of poverty and have high population growth rates. Using current population structures for India and the USA in an age-structured demographic model, and simple projections of annual reductions in fertility or consumption per capita over the next 50 years, we show that while reductions in both consumption and fertility are necessary to stabilize impacts, there are short term gains from consumption reductions in high income countries such as the USA, and long term gains from early fertility reductions in growing economies such as India. 相似文献
12.
13.
Economic Analysis for Ecosystem Service Assessments 总被引:5,自引:1,他引:4
Ian J. Bateman Georgina M. Mace Carlo Fezzi Giles Atkinson Kerry Turner 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2011,48(2):177-218
The paper seeks to contribute to the expanding literature on ecosystem service assessment by considering its integration with
economic analyses of such services. Focussing upon analyses for future orientated policy and decision making, we initially
consider a single period during which ecological stocks are maintained at sustainable levels. The flow of ecosystems services
and their contribution to welfare bearing goods is considered and methods for valuing resultant benefits are reviewed and
illustrated via a case study of land use change. We then broaden our time horizon to discuss the treatment of future costs
and benefits. Finally we relax our sustainability assumption and consider economic approaches to the incorporation of depleting
ecological assets with a particular focus upon stocks which exhibit thresholds below which restoration is compromised. 相似文献