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31.
This paper is the first experimental study of the effects of competition and adverse selection on the performance of market maker (MM-) markets. Information distribution may is either symmetric or heterogeneous. MM-markets are either monopolistic (the specialist markets), or competitive (the multi MM-market). Welfare comparisons are with respect to a continuous double auction (DA-) market. Informed subjects receive an imperfect signal of the true state of the world. We find three main results. First, competition among market makers significantly reduces the bid-ask spread, and increases transaction volume. Second, competition among market makers induces competitive undercutting, yielding net trading losses for market makers as a group in most periods. Third, from the perspective of uninformed traders, a competing MM-regime is optimal, since it minimizes their expected trading losses. 相似文献
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34.
This article tests the public interest and regulatory capture hypotheses, in the context of the Swedish electricity market,
by studying the factors influencing the Swedish Energy Agency’s decision to replace decision-makers it employs to hear customer
complaints against utilities. The study covers the period from the beginning of 1996, when a series of regulatory reforms
were introduced to improve consumer protection, until the end of 2008. The study concludes that decision-makers who find in
favor of customers have had a statistically lower probability of being removed, consistent with public interest theory. A
transitory effect of favoring utilities can be observed for the period from 2 to 6 years following the reforms. In this period,
government and public scrutiny of the regulator, which had been high in the immediate aftermath of the reforms, had waned
and there were few precedents decided by the courts that the regulator was required to follow. This vacuum created an opportunity
for the utilities to increase their influence over the regulator. Once the courts started establishing precedents in relatively
large numbers, the supervisory role of the courts ensured that the actions of the regulator were scrutinized. This development
has served a similar function to government and public scrutiny in the years immediately following the reforms in promoting
the public interest. 相似文献
35.
36.
Entrepreneurship and the theory of taxation 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A review of the literature on firm taxation reveals that the economics of entrepreneurship has not sufficiently been taken
into consideration. We discuss how this affects conclusions derived from standard models of capital taxation when applied
to entrepreneurial income. Some defining features of entrepreneurship important for analyzing the effects of taxation of owner-managed
firms are identified. These include the lack of a well-functioning external market for entrepreneurial effort, limited access
to external capital and complementarities between entrepreneurial innovation, effort and capital. Due to these constraints,
the entrepreneurial project is tied to the individual owner–manager. The entrepreneur is unable to decouple saving decisions
from investment decisions, and makes joint decisions on the supply of effort and capital. The return from successful entrepreneurial
ventures can therefore not be readily divided into labor and capital income, in deep contrast to what is typically assumed
in taxation theory. It is argued that when distinct attributes of entrepreneurship are taken into account, certain conclusions
of capital taxation models may no longer hold, including the neutrality of capital taxation in owner-managed firms. Cost of
capital formulas derived from the behavior of public firms could underestimate distortions when applied to the investment
behavior of entrepreneurial firms. For tax purposes and otherwise, it becomes useful to analyze return to entrepreneurial
activity as income of a distinct factor of production. In this context, conceptual issues and the difficulties of measuring
entrepreneurial income are discussed. 相似文献
37.
We consider the general problem of finding fair constrained resource allocations. As a criterion for fairness we propose an
inequality index, termed “fairness ratio,” the maximization of which produces Lorenz-undominated, Pareto-optimal allocations.
The fairness ratio does not depend on the choice of any particular social welfare function, and hence it can be used for an
a priori evaluation of any given feasible resource allocation. The fairness ratio for an allocation provides a bound on the
discrepancy between this allocation and any other feasible allocation with respect to a large class of social welfare functions.
We provide a simple representation of the fairness ratio as well as a general method that can be used to directly determine
optimal fair allocations. For general convex environments, we provide a fundamental lower bound for the optimal fairness ratio
and show that as the population size increases, the optimal fairness ratio decreases at most logarithmically in what we call
the “inhomogeneity” of the problem. Our method yields a unique and “balanced” fair optimum for an important class of problems
with linear budget constraints. 相似文献
38.
Carlene E. Weber 《The Financial Review》1996,31(3):585-602
Previous empirical evidence suggests that stock return volatility expectations change over time, but the existing models of time-varying variance lack a theoretical structure that is rigorously linked to the efficient markets dividend discount model. This paper develops and tests such a model. The conditional forecast variance of the return on the stock market portfolio is expressed as a linear combination of the adjusted conditional forecast variance of the interest rate and the dividend growth rate. An empirical test using the implied variance of the S&P 100 index option provides evidence that supports the model's predictions. 相似文献
39.
A data set of 266 four-digit SIC U.S. manufacturing industries is used to examine the relationship between tariff protection
and workforce gender. The paper shows that industries with a relatively large proportion of women are more likely to be protected
by U.S. tariff policy, even when factors such as wages and human capital are controlled. Furthermore, this result is robust
in that it is not driven by any particular industry or industries. 相似文献
40.