Tax impact in corporate social responsibility decisions and reporting

Tax effects of corporate social responsibility decisions should be incorporated into the various approaches for performing social audits or accounting for social performance. This paper identifies some special U.S. tax provisions which encourage corporate participations in social responsibilities. The Linowes' socio-economic accounting model is revised to show tax costs.     

A two-sector model of production and trade with variable factor supplies

Zusammenfassung Produktion und internationaler Handel in einem Zwei-Sektoren-Modell mit variablem Faktorangebot. — In diesem Aufsatz wird untersucht, wie sich in einem Modell mit variablem Faktorangebot die Ergebnisse und Folgerungen aus dem traditionellen 2 x 2-Modell einer offenen Volkswirtschaft ver?ndern. Eine Produktionsfunktion des Haushaltssektors wird entwickelt, um ein variables Arbeitsangebot in das Modell einbeziehen zu k?nnen. Dann wird die neue Beziehung zwischen der Produktion des Marktsektors und den Ver?nderungen des Verh?ltnisses von Lohn und Kapitalrendite, die entsprechende Ver?nderungen des Arbeitsangebots auf dem Marktsektor bewirkt, n?her untersucht. Schlie\lich wird dargestellt, warum unter einigen sehr allgemeinen Annahmen die Kurve, die die Beziehung zwischen den beiden unter marktm?\igen Bedingungen produzierten Gütern darstellt, nicht mehr konkav zum Ursprung verl?uft. Dieses scheinbar perverse Ergebnis findet eine sehr rationale Erkl?rung und liefert die Grundlage für eine plausible alternative Erkl?rung des Leontief-Paradoxons.

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Résumé La production et le commerce international dans un modèle aux deux secteurs et à l’offre variable de facteurs. — Dans cet article les auteurs examinent comment le modèle à l’offre variable de facteurs change les résultats et les implications d’un 2 x 2 modèle traditionnel de l’économie ouverte. Une fonction de production pour le secteur de ménage est introduite afin de créer une offre variable de maind’∄uvre. Puis l’auteur examine la relation nouvelle entre la production du secteur de marché et les changements en rapport salaire/rendement de capital qui causent des changements correspondants en offre de main-d’∄uvre dans le secteur de marché. Finalement, les auteurs exposent pourquoi sous quelques conditions très générales la courbe qui illustre la relation entre les deux biens produits sur le marché n’est plus concave vers l’origine. Ce résultat apparemment pervers a une explication très rationnelle et donne la base pour une explication alternative et plausible du paradoxe de Léontief.

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Resumen Un modelo de dos sectores de producción y comercio con ofertas de factores variables. — En este artículo se examina cómo el modelo de oferta variable de factores altera los resultados e implicaciones del modelo tradicional 2 x 2 en una economía abierta. Se introduce una función de producción doméstica como un medio para generar nuestro modelo de oferta variable de trabajo. En seguida se examina la nueva relación entre el mercado de producción y cambios en la relación salario-renta, que da cuenta de cambios correspondientes en la oferta laboral con respecto al sector de mercado. Finalmente, se expone por qué bajo ciertas condiciones muy générales, la relación entre los dos bienes producidos en el mercado no es cóncava con respecto al origen. Este resultado aparentemente perverso tiene una explicación muy racional y proporciona la base para una explicación plausible y alternativa para la paradoja de Leontief.

     

A difference in informational influences: Services vs. goods

The literature provides little insight as to whether a difference exists between the marketing of services and goods. Most textbooks do not address the issue of possible differences. Their neglect of the topic would seem to indicate a working hypothesis that services and goods do not differ in any meaningful way. Authors of articles and books that do address the service issue typically dwell on implied differences between goods and services. Wyckham (1975) has concluded that “in terms of marketing, services are not different from products (goods).” Wyckham’ argument and most of the other services literature, however, is non-empirical and provides little guidance as to whether a difference between goods and servicesactually exists.     

Game-theoretic properties of Final-Offer Arbitration

Final-Offer Arbitration (FOA) is a dispute settlement procedure in which an arbitrator chooses one side's final position as the resolution. Game-theoretic models of FOA in two-sided interest disputes are reviewed, especially models of the disputants' final offer choices under uncertainty about the arbitrator's preferences. The extent to which the Brams-Merrill Theorem (1986) reveals optimal strategic behavior under FOA, and the implications for efficiency and equity, are assessed. Analysis of a model not satisfying the hypotheses of the Theorem suggests that, for some arbitrators, FOA can have an undesirable tendency. Another game model is used to address the question of how disputants' differential risk-aversion is reflected in their strategic behavior, and in the fairness of FOA outcomes. This calculation clarifies some apparently contradictory empirical evidence about FOA.     

Negotiation support using the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution

The Graph Model for Conflict Resolution is a flexible methodology for systematically studying strategic conflicts in the real world, and is therefore a natural tool for negotiation support. The basic definitions underlying the graph model are reviewed, and the techniques for analysis and interpretation are discussed. The modeling and analysis of a case study, an international trade negotiation concerning the export of Canadian softwood lumber to the United States, are used to demonstrate the practical application of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution as a negotiation support tool. The modeling and analysis is carried out using the GMCR software system. The ability of the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution to provide insights and advice to negotiators is emphasized.     

Why do employees take more initiatives to improve their performance after co-developing performance measures? A field study

Performance measurements may stimulate employee initiatives to improve operational performance, especially when employees themselves participate in the development of their own departmental performance measures. Using the theory of planned behavior, we examine why this occurs in a beverage manufacturing company where we helped bottling line maintenance technicians develop measures about the results of their own work. Our analyses are based on qualitative data gathered at 156 meetings, 34 semi-structured interviews, quantitative performance data from the company's information systems, and quantitative questionnaire data. We found that the participatory development process increased employees’ attitude, perceived social pressure and perceived capability to take initiative. Moreover, the departmental performance improved when the jointly developed performance measures were put to use.     

Adam Smith and the ethics of contemporary capitalism

This paper presents a theoretical elaboration of the ethical framework of classical capitalism as formulated by Adam Smith in reaction to the dominant mercantilism of his day. It is seen that Smith's project was profoundly ethical and designed to emancipate the consumer from a producer and state dominated economy. Over time, however, the various dysfunctions of a capitalist economy — e.g., concentration of wealth, market power — became manifest and the utilitarian ethical basis of the system eroded. Contemporary capitalism, dominated as it is by large corporations, entrenched political interests and persistent social pathologies, bears little resemblance to the system which Smith envisioned would serve the common man. Most critiques of capitalism are launched from a Marxian-based perspective. We find, however, that by illustrating the wide gap between the reality of contemporary capitalism and the model of amoral political economy developed by Smith, the father of capitalism proves to be the most trenchant critic of the current order.G. R. Bassiry is currently professor of Management and international business at California State University, San Bernardino, California. Formerly he served as Vice President and Acting President of Farabi University. His most recent articles on business ethics include Ethics, Education, and Corporate Leadership,Journal of Business Ethics and Business Ethics and the United Nations: A Code of Conduct,Sam Advanced Management Journal. He has also published numerous journal articles on international business, corporate strategy and corporate leadership, and is the author ofPower vs. Profit by Arno Press of New York Times.Marc Jones is a management lecturer at the University of Otago, New Zealand. His research interests include multinational corporations and economic development. He has worked as a financial analyst for Electronic Data Systems Corporation and as a management consultant for Peat Marwick Main & Company.     

COMPLEX DYNAMICS IN A KEYNESIAN GROWTH MODEL

This paper develops a non-linear differential-delay model of the Keynesian system. The non-linearities derive from a non-linear relationship between capacity utilization and profitability, interacting with the effect of profitability on rates of investment. Local stability properties are established analytically, and numerical techniques indicate the possibility of chaotic behavior for some configurations of parameters. The results suggest that profitability and growth can interact to produce some of the apparently stochastic components of growth cycles.     

Restoring tourist confidence and travel intentions after disasters: some insights from a rejoinder to a series of unfortunate events in Malaysian tourism

Many countries face a decline in tourist confidence and reduced travel intentions after disasters. However, Malaysia – a country that experienced a series of aviation tragedies throughout 2014 – encountered an overall increase in inbound tourists and monetary receipts. This article more closely examines the effects of these unfortunate events on Malaysian tourism and identifies several strategic avenues that can contribute to restoring tourist confidence and reigniting tourist interest in travelling to disaster-stricken countries.