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991.
Using a natural experiment, a sharp rise in tuition fees in some of the programmes at the University of Paris 9-Dauphine, we study the impact of tuition fees on students’ pathways, and outcomes. We apply an optimal matching method to the national database of students’ registrations (SISE) to define a typology of pathways. We then use a nonordered multinomial logit model to evaluate the impact of the rise in tuition fees on the types of pathways selected by the university. We show that there is a significant impact on these pathways. The increase in tuition fees reduces geographic and social mobility, thereby accentuating the phenomena of social segregation. Furthermore, contrary to what some of the studies assert, the rise does not appear to encourage greater effort: we find no impact on the graduation success rate. 相似文献
992.
Pierre-Richard Agénor Kyriakos C. Neanidis 《The journal of international trade & economic development》2013,22(4):425-454
This paper studies optimal direct and indirect taxation in an endogenous growth framework with a productive public good and costly tax collection. Optimal (growth-maximizing) tax rules are derived under exogenous collection costs. The optimal direct–indirect tax ratio is shown to be negatively related to the administrative costs of collecting these taxes, as documented in cross-country data. This result also holds under endogenous collection costs (with these costs inversely related to administrative spending on tax enforcement), but for these to generate significant effects on tax collection requires implausibly high degrees of efficiency in spending, or the allocation of a large fraction of resources to tax enforcement. Depending on how it is financed, the latter policy may entail adverse effects on growth. Improving ‘tax culture’ and the sense of civic duty through greater budgetary transparency may be a more effective policy to improve tax collection and promote economic growth. 相似文献
993.
The name of William Foote Whyte is most frequently associated with Street Corner Society, the sociological study of life in Boston's North End during the late 1930s, but his research spanned another sixty years in a range of settings on three continents. This article traces his achievements over the decades, as he developed and applied a participatory action research methodology in the kitchens of Chicago restaurants, the oilfields of Oklahoma and Venezuela, subsistence farms in Peru and Guatemala, and industrial cooperatives in the Basque region of Spain. It describes how this methodology, grounded in case research, led to social change at the “Tremont Hotel” in a Midwestern city. It questions why his achievements have not received greater recognition among by academicians and practitioners, perhaps because his ideas and findings on social change produced discomfort among peers and the sponsors of his research. 相似文献
994.
We use data collected from a consumer survey of face‐to‐face interviews to determine consumer demand for genetically modified (GM) tofu attributes in Taiwan. Conjoint analysis using logit models reveals that, on average, brand is the most important attribute in terms of influence on consumers’ preferences, followed by price, with GM content having the least influence. However, the analysis also reveals three distinct market segments for tofu. Apart from the largest segment (which reflects the average lack of concern about GM food), the remaining two segments are split according to their preference or antipathy towards GM tofu. This result suggests that GM labelling is helpful to Taiwanese tofu consumers. 相似文献
995.
The long-term structure of production, factor demand and factor productivity in the Canadian pulp and paper industry was studied for the period 1956 to 1982. A four input (labor, capital, material and energy) nonhomothetic translog cost function was used for the purpose. Least-cost combinations of the four factors were obtained by imbedding an interrelated dynamic adjustment process. These least-cost paths, from which the cyclical fluctuations due to business turns were filtered out, were then used to derive the long-term productivity of each input. Long-term elasticities of substitution and demand were also computed. Long-term and short-term results were compared. Important findings of the study were: (i) the long-term structure of production of the industry can be represented by the nomothetic version of the translog cost function, (ii) the long-term technological progress in the industry is slow despite evidence of some economies of scale in production, (iii) all factors of production in the industry are long-run substitutes despite short-run complementarities between some factors of production, (iv) each input was observed to be misallocated during the period of study as compared to the least-cost allocations, (v) observed productivity growth of capital, labor and energy declined during the seventies and early eighties, as compared to growth in the sixties, but growth in their long-run productivities did not, (vi) though both observed and long-run productivities of raw material declined the rate of decline was lower on the long-run path, and (vii) price increases in the pulp and paper industry after 1971 could have been lower than what was actually experienced if the industry could change with economic circumstances more rapidly. La structure à long terme de production, de facteur de demande et de facteur de productivité dans l'industrie canadienne de putpe et de papier est étudiée pour la période de 1956 à 1982. Une fonction de coût “nonhomothetic translog” avec quatre entrées (la main-d'oeuvre, le capital, le matériel et l‘énergie) est utilisée pour cette étude. Les combinaisons les moins chères des quatre facteurs sont obtenues en incluant un ajustement dynamique du processus d'interaction. Ces chemins les moins chers, desquels les fluctuations conjoncturelles dues aux changements d'affaires sont enlevées, sont utilisés pour dériver la productivité à long terme de chaque entrée. Les élasticités à long terme de substitution et de demande sont aussi calculées. Les résultats à long terme et ceux à court terme sont comparés. Les découvertes importantes de cette étude sont: (i) la structure à long terme de production de l’-industrie peut être représentée par la version “homothetic” de la fonction de coût “translog,” (ii) le progrès technologique à long terme dans l'industrie est lent malgré l‘évidence de certaines économies par la production à grande échelle, (iii) tous les facteurs de production dans l'industrie sont des substituts à long terme malgré les complémentarités à court terme parmi les facteurs de production, (iv) chaque entrée était allouée au mauvais endroit pendant la période d’étude à comparaison des allocations les moins chères, (v) la croissance de productivité observée de capital, de main-d'oeuvre et d‘énergie a diminué pendant les années soixante-dix et au début des années quatre-vingts, à comparaison de la croissance dans les années soixante, mais la croissance de leurs productivités à long terme n'a pas diminué, (vi) bien que les productivités observées et à long terme de matières premières ont diminué, les taux de diminution sont plus bas sur le chemin à long terme, et (vii) les augmentations de prix dans l'industrie de pulpe et de papier après 1971 auraient pu être plus bas qu'on n'a expérimenté si l'industrie était capable de changer plus rapidement selon les circonstances économiques. 相似文献
996.
Estimating the Enduring Effects of Fertiliser Subsidies on Commercial Fertiliser Demand and Maize Production: Panel Data Evidence from Malawi
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Most studies of input subsidy programmes confine their analyses to measuring programme effects over a one‐year period. This article estimates the potential longer‐run or enduring effects of fertiliser subsidy programmes on smallholder farm households' demand for commercial fertiliser and maize production over time. We use four waves of panel data on 462 farm households in Malawi for whom fertiliser use can be tracked for eight consecutive seasons between 2003/2004 and 2010/2011. Panel estimation methods are used to control for potential endogeneity of subsidised fertiliser acquisition. Results indicate that farmers acquiring subsidised fertiliser in three consecutive prior years are found to purchase slightly more commercial fertiliser in the next year. This suggests a small amount of crowding in of commercial fertiliser from the receipt of subsidised fertiliser in prior years. In addition, acquiring subsidised fertiliser in a given year has a modest positive impact on increasing maize output in that same year. However, acquiring subsidised fertiliser in multiple prior years generates no statistically significant effect on maize output in the current year. These findings indicate that potential enduring effects of the Malawi fertiliser subsidy programme on maize production are limited. Additional interventions that increase soil fertility can make using inorganic fertiliser more profitable and sustainable for smallholders in sub‐Saharan Africa and thereby increase the cost‐effectiveness of input subsidy programmes. 相似文献
997.
Introducing Environmental Variables in Nonparametric Frontier Models: a Probabilistic Approach 总被引:10,自引:2,他引:10
This paper proposes a general formulation of a nonparametric frontier model introducing external environmental factors that might influence the production process but are neither inputs nor outputs under the control of the producer. A representation is proposed in terms of a probabilistic model which defines the data generating process. Our approach extends the basic ideas from Cazals et al. (2002) to the full multivariate case. We introduce the concepts of conditional efficiency measure and of conditional efficiency measure of order-m. Afterwards we suggest a practical way for computing the nonparametric estimators. Finally, a simple methodology to investigate the influence of these external factors on the production process is proposed. Numerical illustrations through some simulated examples and through a real data set on Mutual Funds show the usefulness of the approach.JEL Classification: C13, C14, D20 相似文献
998.
Subal C. Kumbhakar 《Journal of Productivity Analysis》1994,5(4):349-357
This paper introduces a flexible multiproduct cost function that permits zero values of one or more of the outputs and can impose restrictions quite easily, if not automatically satisfied, to ensure global concavity property. It satisfies linear homogeneity (in prices) property and is flexible in the output space. Thus the function is ideal for estimating, for example, economies of scope, cost complementarity, product-specific returns to scale, etc., without worrying about zero values of output(s) and extrapolations to points far from the point of approximation. As an empirical application, we use panel data (1978–1985) on 12 Finnish foundry plants to estimate technical progress, overall returns to scale, product-specific returns to scale and economies of scope. 相似文献
999.
Aspects of statistical analysis in DEA-type frontier models 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
In Grosskopf (1995) and Banker (1995) different approaches and problems of statistical inference in DEA frontier models are presented. This paper focuses on the basic characteristics of DEA models from a statistical point of view. It arose from comments and discussions on both papers above. The framework of DEA models is deterministic (all the observed points lie on the same side of the frontier), nevertheless a stochastic model can be constructed once a data generating process is defined. So statistical analysis may be performed and sampling properties of DEA estimators can be established. However, practical statistical inference (such as test of hypothesis, confidence intervals) still needs artifacts like the bootstrap to be performed. A consistent bootstrap relies also on a clear definition of the data generating proces and on a consistent estimator of it: The approach of Simar and Wilson (1995) is described. Finally, some trails are proposed for introducing stochastic noise in DEA models, in the spirit of the Kneip-Simar (1995) approach. 相似文献
1000.
The Core-Walras Equivalence is examined in a finite or infinite economy in which the competitive gap is bounded by the size of the atoms in the economy. The economy is represented by a Boolean algebra of coalitions, and coalitions rather than individual agents are taken as a primitive concept. Coalition arbitrage plays the central role in our analysis. 相似文献