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71.
72.
Marta Sánchez-Borràs Chris Nash Pedro Abrantes Andrés López-Pita 《Transport Policy》2010,17(2):102-109
This paper examines rail access charges for high speed trains on new high speed lines in Europe and the impact these have on the market position of high speed rail. It examines the latest evidence on the marginal infrastructure and external costs of high speed rail, finding that the best evidence is that these are both not more than 2 €/train-km. However, current legislation states that environmental costs should not be charged for unless they are charged for on competing modes. Mark ups based on Ramsey pricing principles might reasonably raise prices by 100–200%, given that infrastructure charges are only a part of the final price of rail. The paper then examines the actual prices charged in the main European countries operating high speed trains and the impact these are likely to have on traffic levels and mode split. It is found that mark ups often exceed even the optimal Ramsey levels, with a significant impact on rail volumes and market share. It is concluded that, whilst it is not surprising that governments wish to recover some of the construction costs of new high speed rail lines from users, they should consider carefully whether the level of charges is actually significantly reducing traffic on and benefits from these lines. 相似文献
73.
The dramatic impact of the 2008 crisis on the Italian economy led to policy responses including structural reforms and labour market liberalisation to reverse the worrisome output and employment trends. A key action by the Italian government, the evocatively named Jobs Act of 2014, has deeply changed Italian industrial relations. The Jobs Act has introduced a new contract type that substantially limits workers’ rights to reinstatement in case of fi rms invalidly fi ring them. This article frames the Jobs Act within the overall liberalisation process begun in Italy in the 1990s, providing an initial evaluation of its impacts. Using detailed data sources, we show that the expected boost in employment cannot be detected, the share of temporary contracts over open-ended ones has increased and the number of part-time contracts has risen. This evidence suggests that the Jobs Act is failing to achieve its main goals. 相似文献
74.
Human resources audit 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
Marta Fossas Olalla Miguel Angel Sastre Castillo 《International Advances in Economic Research》2002,8(1):58-64
Human resource management (HRM) has experienced a strong evolution. In order to provide useful information to managers, it
is necessary to evaluate the results generated by the design and implementation of personnel policies. This is the goal of
the HR audit that includes two different analyses and valuations: the HR policies and their level of fit with the strategy
of the firm, and the characteristics of human capital. Several criteria have been used to assess different HR policies. Nevertheless,
the measurement of the value that human capital brings to the firm is a very complex topic. Consequently, different models
are being presented that aim to properly solve this challenge. This paper will analyze the HR function from two perspectives:
the evaluation of the implemented policies and the quality of human capital in relation to real competencies, and the capability
to learn and develop new skills. 相似文献
75.
Motivation and satisfaction are two concepts widely studied in tourism literature; the relevance of these constructs being derived from their impact on tourist behaviour. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between motivation and visitor satisfaction. A survey questionnaire was distributed to visitors at a rural destination in Spain and the data analysed by ANOVA, factor and cluster analyses. The results verified our hypothesis that motivation is a determinant of the visit assessment criteria and, as a direct consequence, of the level of satisfaction (specific factors) of the visitor. However, this investigation also detected the existence of certain elements, which are independent of the reasons that motivated the journey (general factors), but which affect general satisfaction. Based on our findings, implications for management and marketing are presented. 相似文献
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77.
Marta Cardin 《Decisions in Economics and Finance》1987,10(1-2):23-32
In ques to la voro si introduce la classeU delle funzioni reali definite in un reticolo che sono funzioni di utilità di una classe di decisorti detti avversi al rischio e si caratterizza la dominancza stocastica secondo la classeU.
Summary The aim of this paper is to generalize a result of [4] about stochastic dominance under the assumption of risk aversion. The generalization consists in considering the case of random variables defined on a lattice. We introduce a class of real valued utility functions on a lattice, we show their properties in terms of comparison of lotteries and risk aversiion. The main result of the paper is a characterization of stochastic dominance through this class of functions.相似文献
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Rubn Huertas‐Garcia Marta Laguna García Carolina Consolacin 《International Journal of Tourism Research》2014,16(1):65-75
The purposes of this study are to demonstrate how it is possible to determine which attributes are the most important in the final choices of tourists who use a travel agent brochure as a source of information and how these attributes influence perceived value in a pre‐purchase stage. We conduct the study in three phases: (i) a qualitative study, (ii) an experiment using choice‐based conjoint analysis by means of a fractional factorial experimental design and (iii) another experiment using a full factorial derived from the same design. Results suggest advertisement size, a hotel's starred rating and price influence perceived value at this stage. The presence of a positive combined effect of price and advertising was found. Implications and directions for future applications are offered, focusing particularly on marketing services. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献