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841.
Martin Ammon 《能源经济杂志》2014,38(1):37-46
In the past, electricity generation costs in Germany’s energy mix depended for the most part on the development of fossil fuel prices. Despite the strongly increasing share of renewable energies in the energy mix, the generation of electricity from fossil fuel power plants, especially brown and bituminous coal power plants, still dominates in Germany today. Alongside fossil fuels as an increasing cost factor, the price of CO2 is also gaining importance as a price factor in the production of electricity from fossil fuel power plants. The establishment of the European Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) in 2005 formed the basis of CO2 emissions pricing, and was oriented on the emission reduction targets of the European Union. Although the price of CO2-certificates in free trade is shown on several stock exchanges, the CO2 price is still policy driven. The amount of free allocated and traded CO2-certificates is set on a European policy level. Current decisions on temporary limitations of the trade volume have corresponding effects on exchange prices. This article aims to investigate the impact of CO2-certificate prices on electricity generation costs in the German energy mix. Comparing real CO2 prices to forecasts for 2013 provides findings on the effects that the political decisions of the European Parliament with regard to the limitation of the trade volume of available CO2-certificates have on electricity generation costs in the German energy mix. 相似文献
842.
Keith Brand Martin Gaynor Patrick McAlvanah David Schmidt Elizabeth Schneirov 《Review of Industrial Organization》2014,45(4):325-344
We discuss in this essay three of the matters on which economists in the Bureau of Economics (BE) at the Federal Trade Commission have worked this past year. BE revisited familiar ground in the first matter, a proposed merger of office supply retailers. The second part of the essay considers efficiency claims in health care mergers, with focus on the acquisition of a physician group by a health care system in Idaho. The final part of the essay discusses empirical work that was undertaken by the Bureau to investigate claims made by marketers of an alleged get-rich-quick scheme. 相似文献
843.
Swaroop V. Kher Janneke De Jonge Meike T.A. Wentholt Rosirez Deliza Juliana Cunha de Andrade Hilde J. Cnossen Niels B. Lucas Luijckx Lynn Jayne Frewer 《International Journal of Consumer Studies》2013,37(1):73-83
The development and implementation of effective systems to identify vulnerabilities in food chains to chemical and microbiological contaminants must take account of consumer priorities and preferences. The present investigation attempted to understand consumer perceptions associated with chemical and microbiological contaminants in four specific food chains (drinking water, farmed salmon, chicken and milk powder). To this end, ten focus group discussions were held in five different countries (Poland, Ireland, the Netherlands, France and Brazil). Consumers expressed higher concerns about chemical, as compared with microbial, contaminants. Chemical contaminants were more strongly associated with the potential for severe consequences, long-term effects and lack of personal control. Traceability was considered by consumers as a useful tool that offers the potential to improve consumer confidence in food safety. 相似文献
844.
BENOÎT LE MAUX 《Economics & Politics》2009,21(2):201-231
This article examines how policy-makers solve problems within local representative democracies. It will be argued that politicians cannot undertake an exhaustive search of all possible policy choices; instead, they might use an incremental strategy such as the hill-climbing heuristic. These possibilities will be formalized using the median voter model as an analytical framework. The corresponding models will then be estimated over a set of French jurisdictions (the départements ). The empirical results lend support to the hill-climbing model , given that: (1) for social welfare and secondary school expenditures, the influence of the past is significant; (2) a pure model of incrementalism, without any exogenous variables, is not appropriate for explaining the behavior of departmental council members; and (3) the impact of the past is more significant and stronger when expenditure levels are higher. 相似文献
845.
846.
John T. Evans 《International Trade Journal》2013,27(1):83-117
This study uses pooled data on U.S. manufacturing industries and on U.S. imports to analyze the level of monopoly power and the restraining influence of the import penetration ratio at the industry level. In general, industries with higher levels of imports have lower levels of monopoly power. In addition, imports have a greater impact on industries with more monopoly power (i.e., higher concentration), even though the level of imports may be lower. Finally, the impact of imports on monopoly power appears to be increasing over time indicating that U.S. manufacturing has become significantly more competitive over the 1961 to 1984 period. (JEL F14, L12) 相似文献
847.
848.
We examine the performances of several popular Lévy jump models and some of the most sophisticated affine jump‐diffusion models in capturing the joint dynamics of stock and option prices. We develop efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo methods for estimating parameters and latent volatility/jump variables of the Lévy jump models using stock and option prices. We show that models with infinite‐activity Lévy jumps in returns significantly outperform affine jump‐diffusion models with compound Poisson jumps in returns and volatility in capturing both the physical and risk‐neutral dynamics of the S&P 500 index. We also find that the variance gamma model of Madan, Carr, and Chang with stochastic volatility has the best performance among all the models we consider. 相似文献
849.
David I. Gilliland Daniel C. Bello Gregory T. Gundlach 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》2010,38(4):441-455
Control and governance theories recognize that exchange partners are subject to two general forms of control, the unilateral
authority of one firm and bilateral expectations extending from their social bond. In this way, a supplier both exerts unilateral,
authority-based controls and is subject to socially-based, bilateral controls as it attempts to manage its brand successfully
through reseller channels. Such control is being challenged by suppliers’ growing relative dependence on increasingly dominant
resellers in many industries. Yet the impact of supplier relative dependence on the efficacy of control-based governance in
the supplier’s channel is not well understood. To address this gap, we specify and test a control model moderated by relative
dependence involving the conceptualization and measurement of governance at the level of specific control processes: incenting,
monitoring, and enforcing. Our empirical findings show relative dependence undercuts the effectiveness of certain unilateral
and bilateral control processes while enhancing the effectiveness of others, largely supporting our dual suppositions that
each control process operates through a specialized behavioral mechanism and that these underlying mechanisms are differentially
impacted by relative dependence. We offer implications of these findings for managers and identify our contributions to channel
theory and research. 相似文献
850.
Yu. A. Gadzhiev V. I. Akopov T. S. Krestovskikh 《Studies on Russian Economic Development》2012,23(5):488-498
This article discusses the features of the dynamics of investment in fixed assets in northern regions and the main factors of its rapid growth before the crisis and sharp decline in the crisis period. The contribution of individual regions to the growth rate of investment in the entire economy of the North is determined, and the territorial structure of investment by sectors and types of economic activity and the main sources of financing and changes in the structure of investment are investigated. An evaluation of the tendency towards investment and the investment attractiveness of northern regions are given. 相似文献