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A sample of 9339 subjects aged 13–75, living in the six macro-regions of Poland rated the preferences of 140 various food products, eating frequency and factors influencing food choice. Four groups of consumers were found: “consumers susceptible to advertising and seeking novel healthy products” (33.2% of the sample), “consumers not taking care of their health” (25.4%), “consumers not susceptible to advertising and taking care of their health” (32.5%), and “consumers insensitive to sensory attributes of fruit and vegetables” (9.0%). Among factors influencing the food choice, sensory and functional factors were significant, and health and price – moderate. Advertising was generally denied as an important factor in food choice. The food choice motives were highly dependent on age and gender, and to a lower extent – on region of residence, size of place of residence, economic condition and education level. Women/girls more often showed pro-health behaviours in food choice, choice motives, preferences and food intake. 相似文献
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A look into the factor model black box: Publication lags and the role of hard and soft data in forecasting GDP 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We derive forecast weights and uncertainty measures for assessing the roles of individual series in a dynamic factor model (DFM) for forecasting the euro area GDP from monthly indicators. The use of the Kalman smoother allows us to deal with publication lags when calculating the above measures. We find that surveys and financial data contain important information for the GDP forecasts beyond the monthly real activity measures. However, this is discovered only if their more timely publication is taken into account properly. Differences in publication lags play a very important role and should be considered in forecast evaluation. 相似文献
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This study aims to explore the motor insurance market's attitude towards usage‐based insurance (UBI), and thus its readiness for a launch in the near future. Data on client perception was collected using a structured questionnaire. On the basis of this, an initial selection of factors, other than income, that could influence the declared attitude of drivers was demonstrated showing that it is primarily dependent on certain demographic characteristics like their age, sex, or place of residence. A strong relationship was also demonstrated with respect to the intensity of the vehicle's use, to the amount of the insurance premium they have paid, and to the self‐assessment of the respondents' driving skills. Clients are likely to accept the concept of UBI once implemented, but that they are not ready yet to give up the traditionally used methods of premium calculation. Their attachment to discounts granted can be very strong in particular to the no‐claims bonus. 相似文献
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Zbigniew Polański 《Atlantic Economic Journal》2004,32(4):280-292
In this paper, Poland's preparations to introduce the euro and discussions surrounding them are briefly analyzed. Its first
part deals with legal and macroeconomic developments before Poland's accession to the EU in May 2004. The second part considers
Poland's official position and possible future scenarios. The main conclusions are twofold. Firstly, it is argued that after
finishing successfully the disinflation process, Poland's monetary integration is above all subject to fiscal and exchange
rate developments. In both cases, they are a function of the economy's structural changes. Secondly, as a consequence, fulfilling
the Maastricht Treaty nominal convergence criteria by Poland will imply enough degree of real convergence for its successful
participation in the euro zone.
The opinions expressed in the paper are of the author and should not be attributed to any institution he is working for. He
would like to expresshis gratitude to Witold Grostal and Robert Woreta for providing the graphs. Helpful comments were made
by Michal Brzoza-Brzezina, Tomasz Chmielewski, and by Eduard Hochreiter. Language assistance was provided by Barton D. Raven.
Any remaining errors are solely the author's responsibility. 相似文献
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Mateusz Pipień 《Post - Communist Economies》2019,31(1):75-105
For two groups of post-communist countries (CEE and CIS) we estimated the parameters of convergence equations on the basis of annual data. We depart from standard econometric theory, which involves panel regression techniques. We test cross-country heterogeneity of parameters within a system of Seemingly Unrelated Regression Equations (SURE). We show empirical evidence in favour of the variability of parameters describing the convergence effect and productivity growth rates across countries. Our approach seems a convincing alternative to the panel regression approach where random effects can be estimated, imposing an assumption about the constancy of structural parameters within the group of countries under analysis. We discuss the role of the global financial crisis in the heterogeneity of convergence processes and productivity at the country level. The aforementioned SURE model was estimated based on two datasets, one containing observations prior to the crisis and the second containing the whole sample. 相似文献
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Anna Dembińska 《Metrika》2017,80(3):319-332
Assume that a sequence of observations \((X_n; n\ge 1)\) forms a strictly stationary process with an arbitrary univariate cumulative distribution function. We investigate almost sure asymptotic behavior of proportions of observations in the sample that fall into a random region determined by a given Borel set and a sample quantile. We provide sufficient conditions under which these proportions converge almost surly and describe the law of the limiting random variable. 相似文献
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We identify determinants of large disparities in local unemployment rates across Poland. Using an extensive panel data-set on the NUTS-4 level (i.e. the poviats level, or districts or counties level) we examine a wide range of determinants of local unemployment. Our research examines two groups of the determinants: one related to equilibrium theory and the other related to disequilibrium theory of local unemployment. We find that demographics, education and sectoral employment composition exert a stronger impact over rates of local unemployment than various demand factors. The impact of the determinants, while robust for outliers, is not homogeneous across Polish regions. In particular, in the most depressed local labour markets, skill improvement programmes do not appear to work and unemployment rates are relatively less responsive to investment. Our research suggests that there is no easy cure for local unemployment in Poland, but a few policies have the potential to slightly reduce existing disparities. 相似文献