Why did rich families increase their fertility? Inequality and marketization of child care

A negative relationship between income and fertility has persisted for so long that its existence is often taken for granted. One economic theory builds on this relationship and argues that rising inequality leads to greater differential fertility between rich and poor. We show that the relationship between income and fertility has flattened between 1980 and 2010 in the US, a time of increasing inequality, as high income families increased their fertility. These facts challenge the standard theory. We propose that marketization of parental time costs can explain the changing relationship between income and fertility. We show this result both theoretically and quantitatively, after disciplining the model on US data. We explore implications of changing differential fertility for aggregate human capital. Additionally, policies, such as the minimum wage, that affect the cost of marketization, have a negative effect on the fertility and labor supply of high income women. We end by discussing the insights of this theory to the economics of marital sorting.     

Unlocking the potential of unoccupied spectrum in developing countries: Southern African Development Community – case study

The lack of adequate telecommunications infrastructure in developing regions makes wireless systems the most feasible solution for providing Internet connectivity. With the global migration of television (TV) systems from analogue to digital, the TV spectrum is expected to be shared between broadcasting and broadband services. However, the absence of suitable regulatory policies for TV band sharing and low average revenue per user experienced by wireless network operators makes it difficult to deploy broadband networks in developing regions, especially in rural areas. This article presents a co-evolution analysis of three key domains of change (policy, technology and business) in providing broadband connectivity focusing on the Southern African Development Community region. Furthermore, the article proposes public–private partnership and public–private–people partnership models for deploying wireless broadband networks in developing regions. This article is useful to various stakeholders, including policy-makers, governments, the wireless communications industry and academia, by addressing the digital divide in developing regions.     

The dynamics of changes in the female wage distribution in the USA: a quantile regression approach

This paper examines the female wage structure focusing on changes at different points in the wage distribution. Newly developed quantile regression methods are used in analysing data from the March Current Population Survey. The results show that while the most significant changes for the less skilled women took place at the bottom of the wage distribution, for the more skilled groups changes occurred at both ends of the distribution. Consequently, wage inequality decreased for the high-school graduates and increased for the younger college graduates. Furthermore, the more highly skilled women experienced the steepest gain in wages regardless of their position in the distribution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Trabajar o no trabajar: evolución del compromiso no económico con el empleo y sus determinantes

A partir de datos transversales relativos a Israel de 1981, 1993 y 2006, basados en respuestas a la pregunta de si se seguiría trabajando tras ganar la lotería, se investiga el compromiso no económico con el trabajo (NFEC), tratando de identificar las variables demográficas y las dimensiones del «significado del trabajo» que funcionan como predictores, sobre la base de estudios previos en todo el mundo. Se observa un marcado descenso del NFEC y un cambio en sus determinantes en el nuevo milenio. Los autores lo relacionan con la evolución económica y social reciente, tendiente a un mayor individualismo.     

Process and context in choice models

We develop a general framework that extends choice models by including an explicit representation of the process and context of decision making. Process refers to the steps involved in decision making. Context refers to factors affecting the process, focusing in this paper on social networks. The extended choice framework includes more behavioral richness through the explicit representation of the planning process preceding an action and its dynamics and the effects of context (family, friends, and market) on the process leading to a choice, as well as the inclusion of new types of subjective data in choice models. We discuss the key issues involved in applying the extended framework, focusing on richer data requirements, theories, and models, and present three partial demonstrations of the proposed framework. Future research challenges include the development of more comprehensive empirical tests of the extended modeling framework.     

A bicriteria approach to maximize the weighted number of just-in-time jobs and to minimize the total resource consumption cost in a two-machine flow-shop scheduling system

We analyze a two-machine flow-shop scheduling problem in which the job processing times are controllable by the allocation of resources to the job operations and the resources can be used in discrete quantities. We provide a bicriteria analysis of the problem where the first criterion is to maximize the weighted number of just-in-time jobs and the second criterion is to minimize the total resource consumption cost. We prove that although the problem is known to be NP-hard even for constant processing times, a pseudo-polynomial time algorithm for its solution exists. In addition, we show how the pseudo-polynomial time algorithm can be converted into a two-dimensional fully polynomial approximation scheme for finding an approximate Pareto solution.     

Cultural and Institutional Antecedents of Country Risk

This study explores the effects of cultural and institutional factors on country risk. We use the 2004 Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research study’s estimations of nine cultural dimensions, as well as measures of democracy and gender empowerment, in a sample consisting of 55 countries. The results indicate that gender empowerment, humane orientation, and institutional collectivism have a larger impact on country risk than democracy, uncertainty avoidance, and gender egalitarianism. The interdependency of some cultural dimensions suggests that cultural and institutional differences could be used to predict mean country risk ratings.