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41.
Some economists use an export tax, which alters the domestic relative price of exports, to model a voluntary export restraint,
which is a restriction on the quantity of exports with restriction-induced rents accruing to the exporting country. Implicit
in this approach is the presumption that the two policies are equivalent. In a very general model that allows for a finite
number of goods and factors and intermediated goods and joint production, we demonstrate that, in general, this is, in fact,
not the case. Specifically, from the exporting country’s perspective, the real income effects of the two policies are nonequivalent. 相似文献
42.
Dr. Daniel Oberle Dipl.-Ing. Nadeem Bhatti Dr. Saartje Brockmans Dipl.-Wirtsch.-Ing. Michael Niemann Dr. Christian Janiesch 《Business & Information Systems Engineering》2009,1(5):370-390
Business Webs apply the idea of value networks to the WWW. The underlying delivery platform is commonly referred to as the
Internet of Services and will certainly have to deal with a great variety and amount of information about services along several
service information dimensions. As soon as brokerage, discovery, or community feedback parts are decentralized, there emerge
a number of service information challenges (modeling the information in a holistic way, documentation, interlinkage, tool
interoperability, distributed querying, inconsistent information, and cooperation of different stakeholders). In this paper,
we propose to counter such service information challenges by two artifacts. First, we contribute a Service Ontology based
on a sound and rigid foundational ontology. The Service Ontology provides a holistic and consistent way of capturing service
information. We apply the recommendations of the W3C Semantic Web Activity whose recent standardization has already opened
new possibilities for tool interoperability, interlinkage of information, and distributed querying on the web. However, building
and prescribing an ontology in standardized languages is not enough to address all service information challenges. Therefore,
as a second contribution, we provide a method around the ontology including a governance framework, guidelines for applying
the W3C Semantic Web recommendations, a lifecycle-spanning tool chain, and different levels of applicability. We label our
method Semantic Business Web approach, since we build on W3C Semantic Web standards, use and extend them in the Business Web
setting. Both artifacts are constructed in an interdisciplinary way by experts participating in the German lighthouse project
THESEUS/TEXO. The project’s scenario also serves as a proof of concept evaluation of the artifacts. 相似文献
43.
Import demand functions for origin-specific chilled fish filletsto the EU using a Rotterdam-type production model are estimated.Results are used to project the impact of the EU expanding marketaccess to non-African countries. The preference erosion argumentsuggests that the lower tariffs will erode the competitive positionof African countries; however, when the total impact of pricesis considered, expanding preferential access may result in increasedimports from African countries. If tariffs are reduced to zero,the total EU imports are projected to increase by 4.1 per centresulting in a 2.2 per cent increase in chilled fillet importsfrom Lake Victoria. 相似文献
44.
A Cramér-type large deviation theorem for sums of functions of higher order non-overlapping spacings
Let U 1, U 2, . . . , U n–1 be an ordered sample from a Uniform [0,1] distribution. The non-overlapping uniform spacings of order s are defined as \({G_{i}^{(s)} =U_{is} -U_{(i-1)s}, i=1,2,\ldots,N^\prime, G_{N^\prime+1}^{(s)} =1-U_{N^\prime s}}\) with notation U 0 = 0, U n = 1, where \({N^\prime=\left\lfloor n/s\right\rfloor}\) is the integer part of n/s. Let \({ N=\left\lceil n/s\right\rceil}\) be the smallest integer greater than or equal to n/s, f m (u), m = 1, 2, . . . , N, be a sequence of real-valued Borel-measurable functions. In this article a Cramér type large deviation theorem for the statistic \({f_{1,n} (nG_{1}^{(s)})+\cdots+f_{N,n} (nG_{N}^{(s)} )}\) is proved. 相似文献
45.
Stringent corporate controls on employee moonlighting and/or overtime are not uncommon. But are they necessary? Even the concept of overtime may need to be rethought—what about the “normal working hours” of managers and professionals who work hours at home or on the road—hours typically uncompensated? 相似文献
46.
Stephen Wilkins Muhammad Mohsin Butt Farshid Shams Andrea Pérez 《Journal of Strategic Marketing》2019,27(3):210-226
In order to satisfy the Muslim market segment, many restaurant and fast food companies in Western countries have standardised their products by switching to halal. The purpose of this research is to discover the extent to which non-Muslim consumers in non-Muslim countries experience cognitive dissonance when they think about restaurants and fast food outlets having likely served them halal-produced food, and the extent to which these consumers intend to repurchase halal food. Data came from a total sample of 1097 non-Muslim consumers in Canada, Spain and the United Kingdom. The full model, with religious identity, ethnic identification and interest in animal welfare as antecedents of cognitive dissonance, explained 35% of the variance in consumers’ repurchase intentions. Our findings suggest that many non-Muslims do not have a particular issue with consuming halal food, but they may react negatively if they unintentionally consume halal food and perceive that they have been deprived of information, or worse still, deliberately deceived. The research makes a number of contributions to marketing knowledge with regard to the negative spillover effects that can result from faith-based product standardisation, and the influences of consumer interest in animal welfare and deprivation of product information on consumer behaviour. 相似文献
47.
This article is premised on the intercausal socioeconomic embedded model of ethical design of perpetual charity in Islam called waqf. Such a model is formalized according to the theory of unity of knowledge in the light of the Primal Ontology of Divine Oneness called Tawhid in the Qur'an. Tawhid is argued to be the only foundational Law of Islam respecting “everything.” The implications of such an epistemic treatment in respect of waqf as an example of the whole class of charities in Islam is shown to be unlike the dissociative and human opinionated nature of what has now come to be known as “shari'ah‐compliance.” The Islamic shortfall of “shari'ah‐compliance” and its segmentation as opposed to organically unified synergy between the socioeconomic and moral/ethical variables of the objective criterion called the Well‐being Function have deprived the entire study of the present days' Islamic economics, finance, and banking from its true epistemological core of Tawhid as Law. To restore this true foundation in Islamic thought, a theory of metascience of Tawhid is presented. Waqf in Malaysia is studied as an example from the perspective of Tawhidi unity of knowledge, contrary to its existing dissociative presence in the ethically exogenous socioeconomic treatment under “shari'ah‐compliance.” 相似文献
48.
Rashid Zaman Muhammad Bilal Farooq Fahad Khalid Zeeshan Mahmood 《Business Strategy and the Environment》2021,30(7):2887-2906
This study examines the extent of and determinants for sustainability assurance quality. Data comprise sustainability assurance statements published by the top 100 listed companies in Australia and New Zealand from 2017 to 2019. The findings indicate that Australian companies lead their New Zealand counterparts in sustainability assurance. Although sustainability reporting has risen, assurance rates remain significantly low. Accountants dominate the market, and companies prefer to use their own auditors for sustainability assurance work. Sustainability assurance quality is poor and does not vary significantly among Australian and New Zealand companies. Low-quality sustainability assurance plays a limited role in mitigating potential stakeholder–agency conflicts. The regression analysis indicates that audit committee characteristics such as members' independence, industry/market expertise, and attending meetings enhance sustainability assurance quality, whereas audit committee size has no affect. These findings suggest that audit committee characteristics such as independence, industry expertise, and regular meeting attendance have the potential to reduce stakeholder–agency conflicts by improving the quality of sustainability statement assurance. Our findings build on the sustainability assurance literature by exploring current trends in sustainability assurance practices in Australia and New Zealand where corporate governance codes have been recently revised. Further, these findings are timely given recent changes in standards (International Standard on Assurance Engagements [ISAE] 3000 and Global Reporting Initiative [GRI]). Our study contributes to the audit committee literature and sheds light on the role played by audit committee characteristics on sustainability assurance statement quality. The study findings potentially offer useful insights for practitioners, standard setters, and regulators. 相似文献
49.
Arshad Muhammad Abid Ghulam Torres Francoise Venezia Contreras 《Quality and Quantity》2021,55(1):133-150
Quality & Quantity - This study empirically examined how ethical leadership and leader-member exchange mediates the relationship between prosocial motivation and organizational citizenship... 相似文献
50.
Syed Muhammad Fazal-E-Hasan Hormoz Ahmadi Gary Mortimer Ian Lings Louise Kelly Hyoje Kim 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2020,54(1):198-226
The emergence of online purchasing has changed the relationship between consumers and brands. Our research focuses on online information disclosure and consumer hope in an online shopping environment. Two studies are undertaken to test the theoretically derived hypotheses. Study 1 evaluates the causal relationship between information disclosure and hope via an experiment in an online shopping context. Study 2 involves an online survey to test the nomological network presented in this research. The models identify the moderating effect of consumer product knowledge on online information disclosure and consumer hope. For academics, this research advances knowledge of how consumers' confidence in sharing personal information develops hope, consequently enabling them to attain their goals and repeat their purchases. For practitioners, it offers a better understanding of how investments are successful in aiding consumers to attain their goals and generate repeat purchase intentions in an online shopping environment. 相似文献