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391.
392.
We estimate the effect of the number of children on the female and the male wage elasticities of labour supply to the firm using instrumental variables estimation in data from the US Current Population Survey (2000–19). Parents' number of children is instrumented with the sex mix of their first two children. We find that the male wage elasticity of labour supply to the firm significantly increases with the number of children, while the female elasticity is not significantly altered. That is, we find evidence that male labour markets become more competitive with the arrival of children. Our results also show that firms have substantial monopsonistic power and, in line with the monopsony theory of the gender pay gap, that male labour markets are more competitive than female markets. 相似文献
393.
In this article, the history of regulation in pensions in the United Kingdom is analysed, in particular with respect to defined benefit occupational pension schemes. A framework of criteria for effective legislation is developed. The original prudent person rule provided a good framework for legislation, but most subsequent regulation that has been enacted does not meet our criteria. Recently regulation has increased the cost and risk of individual schemes and the systemic risk in the system as a whole. The article finds that, in totality, regulation has been disastrous for these schemes, contributing to their demise. The article concludes by briefly outlining how effective regulation might have developed to produce a flexible and resilient system. 相似文献
394.
We examine equilibria in competitive insurance markets with adverse selection when wealth differences arise endogenously from
unobservable savings or labor supply decisions. The endogeneity of wealth implies that high-risk individuals may ceteris paribus
exhibit the lower marginal willingness to pay for insurance than low risks, a phenomenon that we refer to as irregular-crossing
preferences. In our model, both risk and patience (or productivity) are privately observable. In contrast to the models in
the existing literature, where wealth heterogeneity is exogenously assumed, equilibria in our model no longer exhibit a monotone
relation between risk and coverage. Individuals who purchase larger coverage are no longer higher risks, a phenomenon frequently
observed in empirical studies. 相似文献
395.
Nick Hanley 《Journal of economic surveys》2000,14(1):1-30
This paper reviews the policy need for indicators of 'sustainable development', and the impetus behind recent moves to establish official indicators. The range of indicators available from current economic theory is then examined. These measures may be divided into those based on flows and those based on stocks. Flow-based measures are essentially attempts to adjust Net National Product to transform it into an indicator of sustainability. Stock-based measures revolve around the concept of the natural and man-made capital stocks. We also consider the idea of Safe Minimum Standards as a sustainability indicator. The paper concludes that no currently-available single measure of sustainability is likely to be adequate. 相似文献
396.
This paper examines how human and social capital influences the entrepreneurial activity of migrant entrepreneurs, with special reference to forced migrants due to conflict. The study uses Riinvest Migrant’s Survey data collected at the end of 2008 and beginning of 2009 to estimate the probability of entrepreneurial activity among Kosovan migrants. The findings demonstrate that host networking (foreign spouse and foreign language fluency) exerts a positive effect on entrepreneurial activity of migrants, while co-ethnic networking is found not to be important. We show that migration experience has a positive impact on the probability of entrepreneurship. Exposure to host country (both measured as years in migration and age) increases probability to start a business. Educational qualifications in the country of origin before migration do not have any influence on entrepreneurship, while specific business training in the country of residence has a positive impact. Contributions to scholarship on migrant entrepreneurship and policy approaches to mobilise them are discussed. 相似文献
397.
Renewable Energy Policies and Technological Innovation: Evidence Based on Patent Counts 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:4
This paper examines the effect of environmental policies on technological innovation in the specific case of renewable energy.
The analysis is conducted using patent data on a panel of 25 countries over the period 1978–2003. We find that public policy
plays a significant role in determining patent applications. Different types of policy instruments are effective for different
renewable energy sources. Broad-based policies, such as tradable energy certificates, are more likely to induce innovation
on technologies that are close to competitive with fossil fuels. More targeted subsidies, such as feed-in tariffs, are needed
to induce innovation on more costly energy technologies, such as solar power. 相似文献
398.
A Survey of Managers’ Perceptions of Corporate Ethics and Social Responsibility and Actions that may Affect Companies’ Success 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
This exploratory study examines how managers and professionals regard the ethical and social responsibility reputations of
60 well-known Australian and International companies, and how this in turn influences their attitudes and behaviour towards
these organisations. More than 350 MBA, other postgraduate business students, and participants in Australian Institute of
Management (Western Australia) management education programmes were surveyed to evaluate how ethical and socially responsible
they believed the 60 organisations to be. The survey sought to determine what these participants considered ‘ethical’ and
‘socially responsible’ behaviour in organisations to be. The survey also examined how the participants’ beliefs influenced
their attitudes and intended behaviours towards these organisations. The results of this survey indicate that many managers
and professionals have clear views about the ethical and social responsibility reputations of companies. This affects their
attitudes towards these organisations which in turn has an impact on their intended behaviour towards them. These findings
support the view in other research studies that well-educated managers and professionals are, to some extent, taking into
account the ethical and social responsibility reputations of companies when deciding whether to work for them, use their services
or buy shares in their companies. 相似文献
399.
Alan Felstead Nick Jewson Annie Phizacklea Sally Walters 《Human Resource Management Journal》2002,12(1):54-76
Discussion of ‘work‐life balance’ and ‘family‐friendly’ employment is much in vogue among politicians and business leaders. Often, but not always, working at home is included within such practices. However, the concepts of work‐life balance and family‐friendly are commonly left ill‐defined by researchers and policymakers alike. In this article we outline formal definitions of these terms, which place spatial issues ‐ and hence working at home ‐ at the heart of the debate. This leads us on to examine working at home through the theoretical lens offered by attempts to explain the rise of work‐life balance arrangements. Twelve hypotheses emerge from the literature and are tested on the management data contained in the 1998 Workplace Employee Relations Survey or WERS98. Many of these hypotheses pass weak statistical tests but fail on stronger logistic regression tests. The article shows that the option to work at home is more likely to be available in the public sector, large establishments and work environments in which individuals are responsible for the quality of their own output. These workplaces are typically less unionised but not especially feminised. 相似文献
400.