Satisfaction, Market Wages, & Labor Relations: An Airline Study

We use arguments from economics and industrial relations to help examine aspects of job satisfaction in the context of a changing industrial relations scene. Market comparisons and wage contours provide the strongest predictors of pay satisfaction. Results also suggest that workers in the "B" tier of two-tier wage plans are in fact more satisfied with pay and that overall, workers are more satisfied with less supervision and more control over their work.     

Les modifications comptables délibérées entraînant la hausse des bénéfices*

Abstract. Résumé. Les auteurs proposent une explication des motifs pour lesquels les gestionnaires peuvent opter pour la modification des méthodes comptables. En situation difficile et devant la probabilité sérieuse d'un manquement technique aux clauses restrictives que comportent les contrats d'emprunt de l'entreprise, le gestionnaire est enclin à procéder à des modifications entraînant la hausse des bénéfices dans le but d'esquiver l'éventuel manquement. En posant l'hypothèse de prévisions rationnelles, si les investisseurs ne détiennent aucune information préalable au sujet des difficultés qu'éprouve l'entreprise, la réaction prévisible du marché à l'annonce d'une modification comptable sera négative. Nous postulons que la réaction du marché à cette décision à la date de l'annonce de la modification est en corrélation négative avec le volume d'information que peuvent détenir les investisseurs. Ils auteurs ont sélectionné un échantillon de 77 entreprises dans le but de vérifier leur raisonnement économique. Ds se servent des rendements anormaux constatés à la date de l'annonce pour tester la réaction des investisseurs à la modification comptable. Des tests transversaux associent la réaction des investisseurs à l'information qu'ils détenaient au préalable au sujet de la situation financière des entreprises de l'échantillon. À la date de l'annonce des modifications, les entreprises échantillonnées n'ont pas enregistré de réaction négative du marché qui soit statistiquement significative. Une analyse transversale permet cependant de conclure que le paramètre de la réaction du marché est en corrélation négative significative avec la variable substitutive de l'information préalable.     

Empirical Estimates of Beta When Investors Face Estimation Risk

We examine empirical implications of models of differential information that formalize the following intuition: securities for which there is relatively little information are perceived as relatively more risky because of the greater uncertainty surrounding the exact parameters of their return distributions. The implication that beta risk for low information firms should decline as information increases is confirmed with several data sets. We find such a decline over the first several periods subsequent to initial public offerings and initial listings. There is also an abrupt risk decline at the first annual earnings announcement.     

RESTRICTING EMPLOYMENT OF LOW‐PAID IMMIGRANTS: A GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM ASSESSMENT OF THE SOCIAL WELFARE IMPLICATIONS FOR LEGAL U.S. WAGE‐EARNERS

This paper builds on earlier work that used a general‐equilibrium model to show that reducing employment of unauthorized immigrants in the United States through a tighter border‐security policy lowers the average income of legal residents. Here we exploit further the detail available in the general‐equilibrium model to look at distributional effects, recognizing that the policy increases wage rates for low‐paid legal workers. We assess the social welfare effect on legal workers using a constant elasticity of substitution social welfare function. We contrast our general‐equilibrium approach to immigration analysis with the more commonly used partial‐equilibrium, econometric approach. (JEL D63, J61, C68)     

Mortgage Choice as a Natural Field Experiment on Choice under Risk

Data on approximately 280,000 borrowers from the UK Survey of Mortgage Lenders are used to model choices between variable and fixed rate mortgages. The choice is assumed to depend on three factors: risk attitude, interest‐rate expectations, and individual discount rate. The ordered probit model is used for estimation, while taking account of a number of econometric issues including missing counterfactuals, selectivity, and endogeneity. A large number of strong effects are found, including: higher income borrowers are less risk averse and have a lower discount rate, and risk aversion rises with the amount borrowed, providing evidence of increasing relative risk aversion.     

The British ‘failure’ that never was? The Anglo‐American ‘productivity gap’ in large‐scale interwar retailing—evidence from the department store sector1

Interwar British retailing has been characterized as having lower productivity, less developed managerial hierarchies and methods, and weaker scale economies than its US counterpart. This article examines comparative productivity for one major segment of large‐scale retailing in both countries—the department store sector. Drawing on exceptionally detailed contemporary survey data, we show that British department stores in fact achieved superior performance in terms of operating costs, margins, profits, and stock‐turn. While smaller British stores had lower labour productivity than US stores of equivalent size, TFP was generally higher for British stores, which also enjoyed stronger scale economies. We also examine the reasons behind Britain's surprisingly strong relative performance, using surviving original returns from the British surveys. Contrary to arguments that British retailers faced major barriers to the development of large‐scale enterprises, that could reap economies of scale and scope and invest in machinery and marketing to support the growth of their primary sales functions, we find that British department stores enthusiastically embraced the retail ‘managerial revolution’—and reaped substantial benefits from this investment.     

Is Disability Disabling in All Workplaces? Workplace Disparities and Corporate Culture

Using nearly 30,000 employee surveys from fourteen companies, we find disability is linked to lower average pay, job security, training, and participation in decisions, and to more negative attitudes toward the job and company. Disability gaps in attitudes vary substantially, however, across companies and worksites, with no attitude gaps in worksites rated highly by all employees for fairness and responsiveness. The results indicate that corporate cultures that are responsive to the needs of all employees are especially beneficial for employees with disabilities.