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51.
In this paper, the authors respond to comments made by Franke and Andrews on their earlier paper, published in issue 22(1) of the International Journal of Advertising. 相似文献
52.
Conceptual Knowledge Markup Language: An introduction 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Conceptual Knowledge Markup Language (CKML) is an application of XML. Earlier versions of CKML followed rather exclusively
the philosophy of Conceptual Knowledge Processing (CKP), a principled approach to knowledge representation and data analysis
that “advocates methods and instruments of conceptual knowledge processing which support people in their rational thinking,
judgment and acting and promote critical discussion”. The new version of CKML continues to follow this approach, but also
incorporates various principles, insights and techniques from Information Flow (IF), the logical design of distributed systems.
Among other things, this allows diverse communities of discourse to compare their own information structures, as coded in
logical theories, with that of other communities that share a common generic ontology. CKML incorporates the CKP ideas of
concept lattice and formal context, along with the IF ideas of classification (= formal context), infomorphism, theory, interpretation
and local logic. Ontology Markup Language (OML), a subset of CKML that is a self-sufficient markup language in its own right,
follows the principles and ideas of Conceptual Graphs (CG). OML is used for structuring the specifications and axiomatics
of metadata into ontologies. OML incorporates the CG ideas of concept, conceptual relation, conceptual graph, conceptual context,
participants and ontology. The link from OML to CKML is the process of conceptual scaling, which is the interpretive transformation
of ontologically structured knowledge to conceptual structured knowledge.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
53.
This article sheds light on the restrictive nature of rules of origin (ROO) and on the role of diagonal cumulation in mitigating the protectionist content of ROO. Empirical evidence suggests that diagonal cumulation has beneficial effects on trade—particularly among spoke countries. We show that these patterns can be reconciled with a theoretical setting where heterogeneous firms buy intermediate inputs from domestic and foreign sources. The model finds that switching from bilateral to diagonal cumulation relaxes the restrictiveness of the ROO and leads the least productive exporters to stop exporting. 相似文献
54.
Pere Riera Giovanni Signorello Mara Thiene Pierre-Alexandre Mahieu Ståle Navrud Pamela Kaval Benedicte Rulleau Robert Mavsar Lívia Madureira Jürgen Meyerhoff Peter Elsasser Sandra Notaro Maria De Salvo Marek Giergiczny Simona Dragoi 《Journal of Forest Economics》2012,18(4):259-270
The European COST Action E45 on European Forest Externalities (EUROFOREX) participants developed a set of good practice guidelines for the non-market valuation of forests, elaborating on stated and revealed preference methodologies, as well as benefit transfer and meta-analytical procedures. This article presents a summary of the guidelines. 相似文献
55.
Pamela Mueller 《Small Business Economics》2007,28(4):355-362
Knowledge is recognized as an important ingredient for economic growth in addition to physical capital and labor. While transforming
knowledge into products and processes it is exploited commercially. Nevertheless, the existing knowledge stock and the absorptive
capacity of actors like employees at firms and researchers at universities and research institutions are conditional for the
ability to produce, identify, and exploit knowledge. Since incumbent firms do not exploit new knowledge to the full extent,
realized entrepreneurial opportunities may arise. This paper tests the hypothesis whether or not entrepreneurship is an important
vehicle for knowledge flows and economic growth. The empirical results indicate that an increase in innovative start-up activity
is more effective than an increase in general entrepreneurship for economic growth.
相似文献
56.
57.
This paper examines the coastal ejido (collectives of peasant landholders) sector's response to the 1992 amendment to Article 27 of Mexico's Constitution, which for the first time legalized the sale and rental of ejido lands. Our analysis is based on a case study of southern Sonora, Mexico. The results indicate a shift in land tenure from the ejido to the private sector and a corresponding conversion of coastal lands to shrimp aquaculture ponds. Our analysis suggests these land-tenure and land-use changes, and the implications of these changes for the coastal ejido sector, vary depending on the historical, geographic and socio-economic characteristics of the ejido communities. 相似文献
58.
Paul K. Chaney Debra C. Jeter Pamela Erickson Shaw 《Journal of Accounting and Public Policy》2003,22(6):487-516
Supporters of direct uninvited solicitation activities argue that clients can make more informed choices of auditors when auditors are allowed to solicit prospective clients. In banned markets, auditors are allowed to submit bids to provide audit services only when invited by the client. This study provides theoretical models that examine the efficiency of client–auditor alignments in the banned and allowed market. We identify conditions under which realignment differences between the two markets occur and derive client losses in the banned market as compared to the allowed market. We also identify conditions under which independence may be impaired in the allowed market, consistent with the claims of solicitation opponents. However, we believe that, in view of the potential positive effects related to audit pricing and client–auditor alignment, restrictions on advertising or direct uninvited solicitation are not necessarily indicated. Instead, regulators or market mechanisms should insure that the independence (truth-telling) condition is so readily satisfied as to be virtually irrelevant. This can happen in one of two ways: (a) increased scrutiny, leading to an increased likelihood of discovery, or (b) increased penalties when an audit failure is discovered, leading to increased costs of an audit failure, or both. 相似文献
59.
Kent Matthews 《Economic Affairs》1993,13(2):11-14
The rise of unemployment to close to three million recalls memories of the dole queues of the 1930s. Kent Matthews, of the Cardiff Business School, explores the analogies between the unemployment of the 1930s and the 1990s. 相似文献
60.
Strategy and finance research suggests that managerial ownership results in increased incentive alignment and therefore is negatively related to corporate diversification. Using a longitudinal approach, we develop arguments to examine whether managerial ownership is associated with subsequent changes in diversification and/or if diversification is associated with subsequent changes in ownership. The results indicate that levels of managerial ownership in one time period are not associated with subsequent changes in corporate diversification, which raises incentive alignment questions. We also find that higher levels of corporate diversification are associated with changes in managerial ownership, which suggests support for the employment risk‐reduction perspective. This study provides important reasons to reassess the longitudinal implications of the managerial ownership‐corporate diversification link from both theoretical and managerial perspectives. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献