Profits as a rich source of puzzlement

Summary Profits are both a strategic and a little understood income category. Theoretical approaches differ widely. The author says that many different answers are given to at least seven questions: What is meant by profits? What is the level of profits in a given country, say, the Netherlands? Does a profit squeeze exist? What determines profits? Which variables are determined by profits? How should profits be handled in model-building? How can a government influence profits? In surveying some of the answers to these seven questions the author criticizes Wood's theory and discusses the concept of normal profits.Thanks are due to K. Sybesma (CPB), P. G. Hermans (CBS), J. Weitenberg (CPB), M. Edam and J. Griffiths (Law School, Groningen) for helpful comments and corrections and to E. Hoekstra for information retrieval and typing.     

Smoke of leets

Summary This is a review of some of Mrs. Joan Robinson's ideas, and the author's conclusion is that these ideas do not contribute to the present state of economic theory. Her view on international trade is lopsided, her criticism of traditional capital theory goes too far, her refutation of income distribution theory is mainly unfounded. Basically, Mrs. Robinson rejects the notion of relative scarcity of capital; the author believes that this is a useful notion in economics. Moreover, her recent work shows a strong anti-empiricist tendency. If Mrs. Robinson's negative train of thought were to be applied to all concepts of macro-economic theory (total labour force, real national income etc.) these concepts would vanish in thin air. The whole of macro-economics might go up in smoke.     

高职院校全面预算管理探讨

预算管理是高职院校财务管理的起点与核心。传统的预算管理模式远远不能适应高职院校发展的需要。在当前大力发展高等职业育和全面启动高职教育人才培养工作水平评估的形势下。必须认识全面预算管理在高职院校中的作用,树立全面预算管理的新观念,通过建立全面预算管理机制、综合运用全面预算管理方法,保障和促进高职院校的建设与发展。