The theory of international trade among industrial Nations

Zusammenfassung Die Theorie des internationalen Handels zwischen Industriel?ndern. — Ein gro▾er Prozentsatz des internationalen Handels der Industriel?nder wird unter den Industriel?ndern abgewickelt. Dieser Aufsatz zeigt, da▾ die Neo-Technologietheorie und die Produktdifferenzierungstheorie des internationalen Handels von Industriegütern komplement?r sind. Sie werden hier zur Theorie der ?Linder-Güter? zusammengeführt. Diese Theorie wiederum mu▾ — wie dargelegt wird — in eine mehrdimensionale Faktorproportionentheorie integriert werden, wenn sie die Handelsstr?me zwischen den Industriel?ndern erkl?ren soll.

---

R ésumé La théorie du commerce international parmi les nations industrielles. —Un grand pourcentage du commerce international total des pays industriels s'écoule avec des autres pays industriels. Cet article démontre que la néo-théorie de technologie et la théorie des biens différenciés du commerce international avec des biens manufacturiers sont des théories complémentaires. Elles sont fusionnées dans une théorie composée des ?biens Linder?. L'auteur démontre qu'il faut intégrer cette théorie avec une théorie multi-dimensionelle des proportions des facteurs si elle devrait expliquer les structures du commerce parmi les nations industrielles.

---

Resumen La teoría del comercio internacional entre naciones industrializadas. — Un gran porcentaje del comercio internacional entre países industrializados se efectúa con otros países industrializados. Este artículo muestra que la neo-teoría tecnologia y la teoría de bienes diferenciados del comercio internacional en productos manufacturados son complementarias. Ellas se fusionan en una teoría compuesta de ?bienes de Linder?. Se muestra que esta teoría necesita ser integrada con una teoría de proporción de factores multidimensional si es que ha de considerar los patrones del comercio entre países industrializados.

     

Campaign contributions from corporate PACs

Conclusion This paper provides a theoretical model of the optimal level of campaign contributions by business firms. The model shows that market structure variables are key determinants of the level of campaign contributions. Furthermore, the empirical results support the model's assertion that a reduction in government involvement in an industry could substantially decrease the level of campaign contributions from firms in that industry. Also, reductions in industry concentration through antitrust enforcement could, in fact, increase the level of campaign contributions. This research was funded, in part, by a Villanova University Summer Research Grant. All errors and omissions are the authors.     

You look “mahvelous”: The pursuit of beauty and the marketing concept

Research has repeatedly shown that substantial benefits accrue to those who are attractive. Knowledge of such benefits seems to be shared by the general public, and billions of dollars annually are spent on appearance-enhancing products. This article examines the functions of adornments and their linkage to attractiveness assessments. In addition, a number of influences on level of adornment usage are described. Finally, consequences for marketers are discussed along with a proposed research agenda.     

Co-operation or Control? Capital Restructuring and Labour Relations on the Docks

The abolition of the National Dock Labour Scheme in July 1989 resulted in a massive restructuring of Britain's ports which in many respects has mirror-imaged that of the rest of the economy over the previous decade. In this context, the growth of small firms in the port transport industry since 1989, and in particular the emergence of workers' co-operatives, can only be explained as a process through which capital has sought to regain or strengthen control over the labour process and offset the (highly variable) costs of fluctuating labour demand. The result has been increased productivity and control for the port authorities that own Britain's ports.     

Strategy,Structure and Control In the Changing Corporation: A Survey-Based Investigation

Paul Marginson, Paul Edwards, Peter Armstrong and John Purcell draw on the findings of IRRU's Company Level Industrial Relations Survey to investigate the business structure, budgetary control systems and strategic orientations of large companies in the UK. Companies’ internal structure, and their systems of budgetary control, are shown to be associated with the kind of diversification strategy they are pursuing. Both external change, such as acquisition, and organic change are widespread across all types of firm as is the consequent internal reorganisation. They discuss the implications of the different strategic orientations and structural arrangements, and the rapidity of organisational change, for human resource policy. Paul Marginson and Paul Edwards are respectively Senior Lecturer and Professor of Industrial Relations at the Warwick Business School and Associate Fellow and Deputy Director of its Industrial Relations Research Unit; Peter Armstrong is Senior Lecturer in the Management School at the University of Sheffield; and John Purcell is University Lecturer in Management Studies and Fellow of Templeton College, Oxford.     

PRIVATIZATION OF PUBLIC SECTOR ENTERPRISES IN PAKISTAN: PROSPECTS FOR REDUCING REGIONAL IMBALANCES*

This paper tests the somewhat counterintuitive hypothesis that public firms are more efficient than their private sector counterparts. A factor analysis (9 industrial groups/34 industries) indicated that for all Pakistani provinces, public enterprises contributed relatively more value added which supports the findings of Naqvi and Kamal. The paper also concludes that a policy to reduce Pakistan's regional income disparities by privatizing public enterprises would likely be ineffective.