全文获取类型
收费全文 | 27152篇 |
免费 | 509篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 5458篇 |
工业经济 | 2099篇 |
计划管理 | 4364篇 |
经济学 | 5959篇 |
综合类 | 355篇 |
运输经济 | 132篇 |
旅游经济 | 368篇 |
贸易经济 | 4116篇 |
农业经济 | 1429篇 |
经济概况 | 3291篇 |
信息产业经济 | 2篇 |
邮电经济 | 89篇 |
出版年
2020年 | 266篇 |
2019年 | 362篇 |
2018年 | 431篇 |
2017年 | 478篇 |
2016年 | 443篇 |
2015年 | 311篇 |
2014年 | 464篇 |
2013年 | 2465篇 |
2012年 | 629篇 |
2011年 | 693篇 |
2010年 | 615篇 |
2009年 | 726篇 |
2008年 | 657篇 |
2007年 | 619篇 |
2006年 | 580篇 |
2005年 | 572篇 |
2004年 | 498篇 |
2003年 | 579篇 |
2002年 | 493篇 |
2001年 | 539篇 |
2000年 | 575篇 |
1999年 | 500篇 |
1998年 | 510篇 |
1997年 | 521篇 |
1996年 | 544篇 |
1995年 | 514篇 |
1994年 | 516篇 |
1993年 | 462篇 |
1992年 | 511篇 |
1991年 | 536篇 |
1990年 | 448篇 |
1989年 | 362篇 |
1988年 | 385篇 |
1987年 | 331篇 |
1986年 | 409篇 |
1985年 | 569篇 |
1984年 | 550篇 |
1983年 | 509篇 |
1982年 | 496篇 |
1981年 | 535篇 |
1980年 | 459篇 |
1979年 | 467篇 |
1978年 | 419篇 |
1977年 | 324篇 |
1976年 | 307篇 |
1975年 | 315篇 |
1974年 | 254篇 |
1973年 | 252篇 |
1972年 | 205篇 |
1971年 | 187篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
This research explores the variation of new product quality and risk associated with New Product Development (NPD) entry strategies (e.g. in‐house developments and joint ventures). Our first two research questions examine the quality of new products and the variation of risk across five NPD entry strategies. Our third and fourth research questions investigate the association of the proficiency with which NPD technical activities are performed with new product quality and the risk involved in developing new products. Our final two research questions explore whether the type of NPD entry strategy mediates the association between the proficiency with which NPD technical activities are performed and the quality and risk associated with the development of new products. Our study focuses on new products developed by three major industries, namely medical devices, electrical equipment, and heavy construction equipment. Our research suggests that there is no difference in the quality or the risk associated with the development of new products across NPD entry strategies. We also found that new product quality was associated with the proficient performance of many NPD technical activities whereas risk was associated with the proficient performance of fewer NPD technical activities. We found that choice of NPD entry strategy mediates the relationship between new product quality and NPD technical activity proficiency. Unlike product quality, NPD entry strategy selection appears to mediate NPD risk minimally. Our study contributes to NPD knowledge and managerial decision making by pointing out that the technical activities performed during the early stages of the NPD process are important to the attainment of a quality product and positively, not negatively, associated with perceived NPD risk. Additionally, our study extends knowledge of the association between proficiently performed NPD technical activities and the resultant product quality and perceived risk felt when individual NPD entry strategies are implemented. 相似文献
992.
Much research has recognized that cross-disciplinary knowledge inputs are necessary to successful product innovation, particularly in complex products and systems (CoPS) development. This paper focuses on developing an exploratory framework for studying how an inter-organizational knowledge management (KM) approach affects the development of CoPS, and exploring how inter-organizational collaboration affects KM within a CoPS context. Based on a review of the literature and in-depth case studies, this paper puts forward some propositions and develops an integrated conceptual model showing the link between the dimensions of inter-organizational KM and the performance of CoPS development. Finally, the implications of the proposed model for inter-organizational KM in a CoPS environment are discussed. 相似文献
993.
R. Glenn Richey Jr. Author Vitae Timothy S. Kiessling Author Vitae Mert Tokman Author Vitae Vivek Dalela Author Vitae 《Industrial Marketing Management》2008,37(4):394-406
This research suggests that firms considering a merger and acquisition strategy need to pay attention to the relationship marketing managers of the target firm and the implicit agreements that have kept them with the target firm. The results of this study convey that the joint activity of maintaining the implicit contracts and retaining the relationship marketing managers have a stabilizing and positive impact on the productivity of subordinate marketing employees. These employees are a key success factor that enables the target firm to function effectively after the acquisition. 相似文献
994.
工业化以来人类排放的温室气体引致的气候变暖,已成为国际社会中的一个热点话题。世界各国从立法、制定规划或国家行动方案、采用总量控制和交易等市场手段、技术研发和创新、成立专门机构等途径应对气候变化。随着外部压力的日益增加,我国应将应对气候变化摆到国内战略转型的重要位置,采取综合措施,加强国际合作,提高气候变化的应对能力,实现低碳发展转型。 相似文献
995.
While most heterodox economists endorse some amount of policy activism, there is no unified conception of the state and public
policy in heterodox economics. To help clarify the similarities and differences within heterodoxy – and between heterodox
and mainstream economics – a panel addressing this subject was convened in 2007 at the Annual Meeting of the Association for
Institutional Thought. This article introduces the essays prepared for that symposium. They include an examination of the
position of Marx and Engels, a clarification of the institutionalist views of Veblen and Commons, an outline of the perspective
of Post Keynesian Institutionalism, and an account of some essential contributions of Classical Pragmatism (a major school
of thought within the philosophy of science). The collection advances what Robert Heilbroner called “the worldly philosophy”
by seeking to understand the role of the state in a world where institutions, defined broadly as social habits, adjust to
other institutions.
Clifford Poirot is associate professor of economics in the Department of Social Sciences at Shawnee State University, Portsmouth Ohio. In addition to the philosophy of economics, his research interests focus on cultural ecology and the problems of transitional economies. He teaches principles of economics, cultural anthropology, comparative systems and international political economy. Samuel R. Pavel is assistant professor of business at Purdue University North Central. He is an economic development specialist for the northwest Indiana/southeast Michigan region. His research interests include Institutional Economic theory and applications that focus primarily on labor and financial markets. 相似文献
Samuel R. PavelEmail: |
Clifford Poirot is associate professor of economics in the Department of Social Sciences at Shawnee State University, Portsmouth Ohio. In addition to the philosophy of economics, his research interests focus on cultural ecology and the problems of transitional economies. He teaches principles of economics, cultural anthropology, comparative systems and international political economy. Samuel R. Pavel is assistant professor of business at Purdue University North Central. He is an economic development specialist for the northwest Indiana/southeast Michigan region. His research interests include Institutional Economic theory and applications that focus primarily on labor and financial markets. 相似文献
996.
The Economic Value of Water Quality 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Stated preference values for water quality ratings based on the US Environmental Protection Agency National Water Quality
Inventory ratings provide an operational basis for benefit assessment. Iterative choice survey results for a very large, nationally
representative, Web-based panel imply an average valuation of $32 for each percent increase in lakes and rivers in the region
for which water quality is rated “Good.” Valuations are skewed, with the mean value more than double the median. Sources of
heterogeneity in benefit values include differences in responses to average water quality information and the base level of
water quality. Conjoint estimates are somewhat lower than the iterative choice values. The annual economic value of the decline
in inland US water quality from 1994 to 2000 is over $20 billion.
相似文献
997.
We document the patterns of market-wide and firm-specific volatility in the Portuguese stock market over the 1991–2005 period
and test several explanations for the behavior of firm-level idiosyncratic volatility. Unlike previous studies we find no
evidence of a statistically significant rise in firm-specific volatility. On the contrary, the ratio of firm-specific risk
to total risk slightly decreases. We show that this result stems from new listings of large privatized companies that display
lower firm-specific risk. Our findings are consistent with the idea that changes in idiosyncratic volatility are related to
changes in the composition of the market.
相似文献
Ana Paula SerraEmail: |
998.
In this paper, we first add to what is a growing literature on the existence and nature of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) model for developing countries, by testing for the existence of an EKC for China using a panel data set of city-specific, annual ambient levels of SO2 pollution. We find some support for both the typical inverted-U-shaped relationship and an N-shaped, cubic configuration. More significantly, we then explore the possibility of China's “tunneling” through the EKC, by using newer, cleaner technologies, and thereby avoiding some of the environmental degradation that had often accompanied economic growth. Specifically, we estimate and economically value the health benefits realizable to Chinese cities from successful efforts to “tunnel” under the EKC over the next generation. 相似文献
999.
We examine global economic dynamics under learning in a New Keynesian model in which the interest-rate rule is subject to the zero lower bound. Under normal monetary and fiscal policy, the intended steady state is locally but not globally stable. Large pessimistic shocks to expectations can lead to deflationary spirals with falling prices and falling output. To avoid this outcome we recommend augmenting normal policies with aggressive monetary and fiscal policy that guarantee a lower bound on inflation. In contrast, policies geared toward ensuring an output lower bound are insufficient for avoiding deflationary spirals. 相似文献
1000.
W.R. Teague W.E. Grant H. Diaz-Solis M.M. Kothmann R.J. Ansley 《Ecological Economics》2008,64(3):611-624
In the southern Great Plains of North America, fire exclusion has contributed to many rangelands converting from native grassland to woody shrublands dominated by mesquite (Prosopis glandulosa Torr.) and cactus (Opuntia spp.), threatening ecosystem health and human livelihoods in the region. Prescribed fire is the least expensive method of treating mesquite and other undesirable plants, but its role is as a maintenance treatment to prolong the life of more expensive brush control treatments. Using a simulation model of a hypothetical 1000 ha ranch, we evaluate the biological and economic implications of management scenarios involving the regular application of summer fire to reduce mesquite and cactus over a 30-year time period. We compared the model output with experimental data to corroborate model output before evaluating various management scenarios over a range of stocking rates. Scenarios included (a) varying initial range condition, (b) different frequencies of summer burning, and (c) different initial amounts of mesquite brush. Model simulations corroborated field data sufficiently well to give confidence in the output of the model. In our simulations the option of not treating to reduce brush and cactus had a major negative impact on range condition, secondary productivity and profitability. In contrast, all simulated fire treatments improved range condition, productivity and profitability except when initial range condition was poor. Initial range condition and stocking rate were the major factors affecting both productivity and profitability. Compared to other factors over which managers have short-term control, frequency of burning and the initial amount of mesquite cover, had a relatively minor impact. Simulations indicated that the highest level of profit consistent with maintaining or improving range condition was attained when individual animal production was 92-95% that of the maximum production per animal, a situation invariably associated with relatively low stocking rates. 相似文献