Asset Price Volatility,Bubbles, and Process Switching

Evidence of excess volatilities of asset prices compared with those of market fundamentals is often attributed to speculative bubbles. This study demonstrates that bubbles could in theory lead to excess volatility, but it shows that certain variance bounds tests preclude bubbles as an explanation. The evidence ought to be attributed to model misspecification or inappropriate statistical tests. One important misspecification occurs if a researcher incorrectly specifies the time series properties of market fundamentals. A bubble-free example economy characterized by a potential switch in government policies produces asset prices that would appear, to an unwary researcher, to contain bubbles.     

Consensus Beliefs Equilibrium and Market Efficiency

This paper presents an analysis of the concept of consensus beliefs and its relation to market efficiency. We show that unless traders have rational expectations, the two published interpretations of consensus beliefs are not useful for considerations of market efficiency. One interpretation (see Verrecchia 6 ) has no implication for market efficiency. Under the second interpretation (see Verrecchia 7 , 8 ) consensus beliefs equilibria are efficient, but they typically do not exist unless traders have rational expectations.     

Fact and Theory in Accounting History: Presentmindedness and Capital Market Research*

Abstract. Recent studies have begun to apply contemporary capital markets methods to historical, archival accounting data. This paper discusses period-specific issues relevant to such research. The general categories of issues considered are agency relationships and the capital market environment, trading practices, regulation, and corporate information disclosure. These contextual issues are discussed as they relate to the following business conditions in the United States during the first decade of the 20th century. First, the population characteristics of security holders were different, and a “money trust” comprised of investment bankers often controlled large corporations. This implies that careful thought needs to be given to assumptions about the role of publicly available information and “retail” investors in securities trading. Second, trading practices were quite different: stock price manipulation was tolerated, as were “wash” and “matching” securities transactions. These conditions, coupled with corporate disclosure of dubious quality and widespread colored financial press reporting, create difficulties in interpreting security price and trading activity. Third, while financial reporting regulation was minimal during the early 1900s, it is unclear whether government threats of regulation may have been regarded as sufficiently plausible by companies so as to motivate “voluntary” behavior. These facts suggest that contemporary researchers choosing to conduct capital market studies using data from historical time periods must fully consider the context of the period under study in designing their study, selecting data, interpreting results, deriving new theory, and drawing policy implications. Résumé. Dans des études récentes, on a commencé & appliquer les méthodes contemporaines d'analyse des marchés financiers aux données comptables d'archives. Les auteurs traitent des caractéristiques propres à certaines périodes passées, pertinentes à ce genre de recherche. Les catégories générales de caractéristiques qui sont abordées sont les relations mandant-mandataire et l'environnement des marchés financiers, les pratiques en matière de négociation de titres, la réglementation et la publication d'information par les entreprises. Ces caractéristiques contextuelles sont abordées dans leur relation avec les propriétés suivantes de la situation des entreprises dans la première décennie du XX^e siècle. Premièrement, les caractéristiques démographiques des détenteurs de titres étaient différentes, à l'époque, et une ? fiducie de fonds ? composée de preneurs fermes contrôlait souvent de grandes sociétés. Cela suppose qu'il faut analyser avec minutie les hypothèses relatives au rôle de l'information diffusée dans le public et des épargnants, dans les opérations sur titres. Deuxièmement, les pratiques en matière de négociation étaient assez différentes à l'époque: la manipulation du cours des actions était tolérée, de même que les opérations fictives ou simultanées sur titres. Ces conditions, conjuguées à la qualité douteuse de l'information publiée par les entreprises et aux rapports subjectifs abondamment publiés par la presse financière, soulèvent des difficultés dans l'interprétation du cours des titres et de l'activité du marché. Troisièmement, compte tenu que la réglementation de l'information financière était réduite au minimum au début du siècle, on ne peut dire avec certitude si les menaces d'intervention gouvernementale peuvent avoir été jugées suffisamment inquiétantes par les entreprises pour les avoir incitées à adopter ? volontairement ? le comportement souhaité. Ces observations semblent indiquer que les chercheurs contemporains qui choisissent d'étudier un marché financier en s'appuyant sur les données de périodes antérieures doivent pleinement tenir compte du contexte de la période étudiée dans leur plan de recherche, le choix des données, l'interprétation des résultats, la dérivation de nouvelles théories et leurs conclusions relatives aux conséquences de leurs observations en ce qui a trait aux politiques.     

Indices of the Average Age of Structures and Equipment in Australia 1955/56–1982/83*

This paper presents an expression for the average age of the capital stock in terms of the rate of depreciation and the rate of accumulation. We derive indices for the average age of private sector structures (excluding dwellings) and equipment in Australia.     

The Debt-Contracting Value of Accounting Information and Loan Syndicate Structure

We investigate how both the ownership structure and explicit contractual structure of syndicated loan deals are shaped by the debt‐contracting value (DCV) of borrowers' accounting information. DCV captures the inherent ability of firms' accounting numbers to capture credit quality deterioration in a timely fashion. We hypothesize and document that when a borrower's accounting information possesses higher DCV, information asymmetry between the lead arranger and other syndicate participants is lower, allowing lead arrangers to hold a smaller proportion of new loan deals. Further, we document that the influence of DCV on the proportion of the loan retained is conditional on the lead arranger's reputation, the existence of a credit rating, and the lead arranger's previous relationships with the same borrower. Finally, we find that when loans include performance pricing provisions, the likelihood that the single performance measure used is an accounting ratio, rather than a credit rating, is increasing in DCV.     

Identification of Maximal Affine Term Structure Models

Building on Duffie and Kan (1996) , we propose a new representation of affine models in which the state vector comprises infinitesimal maturity yields and their quadratic covariations. Because these variables possess unambiguous economic interpretations, they generate a representation that is globally identifiable. Further, this representation has more identifiable parameters than the “maximal” model of Dai and Singleton (2000) . We implement this new representation for select three‐factor models and find that model‐independent estimates for the state vector can be estimated directly from yield curve data, which present advantages for the estimation and interpretation of multifactor models.     

Debt Financing and Tax Status: Tests of the Substitution Effect and the Tax Exhaustion Hypothesis Using Firms' Responses to the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981

This study tests the joint prediction of the substitution effect and the tax exhaustion hypothesis that an increase in non-debt tax shields leads to a decrease in leverage. Controls are introduced for the debt securability effect, the pecking order theory of financing, and the probability of losing tax shields. Using the relationship between changes in investment tax shields and changes in debt tax shields of firms in response to the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, strong empirical support is found for predictions based on the substitution effect and the tax exhaustion hypothesis.     

Race, Ethnicity, Union Attitudes, and Voting Predilections

The research reported here investigates, in a sample of approximately 500 persons, the relationship between individuals' race and/or ethnicity and their union-related attitudes and union vote propensity. As measured by scores on union instrumentality, big labor image, and union governance questions, blacks have the most favorable attitudes toward unions, Hispanics the least favorable. Logistic multiple regression results indicate no difference in union-joining propensity attributable to ethnicity, although several other variables are found to be significantly related to joining predilections.     

Positive Feedback Investment Strategies and Destabilizing Rational Speculation

Analyses of rational speculation usually presume that it dampens fluctuations caused by “noise” traders. This is not necessarily the case if noise traders follow positive-feedback strategies—buy when prices rise and sell when prices fall. It may pay to jump on the bandwagon and purchase ahead of noise demand. If rational speculators' early buying triggers positive-feedback trading, then an increase in the number of forward-looking speculators can increase volatility about fundamentals. This model is consistent with a number of empirical observations about the correlation of asset returns, the overreaction of prices to news, price bubbles, and expectations.