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151.
ROBERT W. CRANDALL 《Contemporary economic policy》1991,9(4):70-81
During the past 20 years, the U.S. telephone industry has undergone a remarkable evolution from a set of government-enforced monopolies to a much more competitive environment. Long-distance service, private-line service, data communications, and terminal equipment once were available only from the telephone monopolist. Now they are freely available from numerous competitive suppliers due to a series of regulatory and judicial decisions. But despite this veritable explosion in competition, the telephone industry still is regulated at both the federal and state levels. Only the provision of terminal equipment is totally deregulated.
Regulating telephone rates has created a highly inefficient rate structure replete with cross-subsidies. Legislators' and state regulators' reluctance to eliminate these cross-subsidies remains the most important hurdle to transforming the telephone industry to a fully competitive market. Nevertheless, liberalizing entry has generated some economic efficiencies through its effect on productive efficiency and on regulated rates. Productive efficiency gains may have reached $3 billion by 1988, and the welfare gains from the limited rationalization of rates caused by entry are nearly $1 billion per year.
Fully deregulating long-distance and local service requires that regulators abandon their policies of cross-subsidizing rural residences at the expense of businesses and of cross-subsidizing local service at the expense of long-distance service. Movement toward deregulation is progressing at the federal level and in some states, but full deregulation appears unlikely in the foreseeable future. 相似文献
Regulating telephone rates has created a highly inefficient rate structure replete with cross-subsidies. Legislators' and state regulators' reluctance to eliminate these cross-subsidies remains the most important hurdle to transforming the telephone industry to a fully competitive market. Nevertheless, liberalizing entry has generated some economic efficiencies through its effect on productive efficiency and on regulated rates. Productive efficiency gains may have reached $3 billion by 1988, and the welfare gains from the limited rationalization of rates caused by entry are nearly $1 billion per year.
Fully deregulating long-distance and local service requires that regulators abandon their policies of cross-subsidizing rural residences at the expense of businesses and of cross-subsidizing local service at the expense of long-distance service. Movement toward deregulation is progressing at the federal level and in some states, but full deregulation appears unlikely in the foreseeable future. 相似文献
152.
Federal support for child care subsidies targeted to poor households has grown dramatically in recent years. The analysis presented here examines the impact of such subsidies on child care fees charged to all clients using Missouri data on provider fees and subsidy payments. It is found that patterns for fees and subsidies across providers imply that child care markets are largely competitive. Growth in subsidies observed over the period 1991–1993 increased fees and, by inference, improved quality for subsidized clients. Subsidies also induced an increase in fees for clients not covered by subsidies, an increase most likely due to the cost of expanding the child care market. 相似文献
153.
ROBERT N. MAYER 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2008,42(1):113-122
Virtually every major interest group except consumers has developed a ranking system or report card that can be used to galvanize the public and pressure policy makers for change. This article discusses the potential value of consumer‐relevant indices that permit international comparisons and addresses some of the challenges to constructing these measures. 相似文献
154.
ROBERT J. BRICKER 《Abacus》1991,27(1):72-77
This note responds to criticisms in this issue by Subotnik of my 1988 Abacus article. It rejects his claims that the findings in that 1988 article are devoid of social usefulness, that my discussion of knowledge accumulation 'was partial', and finally his suggestion of the futility in using citations as data and citation methods as tools of analysis. It is argued that Subotnik supports his criticisms with little more than rhetoric and unsupported assertions. 相似文献
155.
We present a new model of investors delegating portfolio management to professionals based on trust. Trust in the manager reduces an investor's perception of the riskiness of a given investment, and allows managers to charge fees. Money managers compete for investor funds by setting fees, but because of trust, fees do not fall to costs. In equilibrium, fees are higher for assets with higher expected return, managers on average underperform the market net of fees, but investors nevertheless prefer to hire managers to investing on their own. When investors hold biased expectations, trust causes managers to pander to investor beliefs. 相似文献
156.
In contrast to earlier studies, recent research finds that charitable contributions are tax-price inelastic, suggesting that the itemized deduction for contributions loses more tax revenue than it increases in contributions. The estimates from parametric methods are similar to those in earlier studies that find that charity appears to be elastic with respect to the tax price. Because specification tests raise doubts about the consistency of these methods, the authors use a two-stage semi-parametric method and find that contributions are price inelastic. Contributions to social welfare organizations, however, are price elastic; their deductibility loses less in revenues than is contributed. (JEL C14 , C34 ) 相似文献
157.
158.
This paper presents an analysis of the concept of consensus beliefs and its relation to market efficiency. We show that unless traders have rational expectations, the two published interpretations of consensus beliefs are not useful for considerations of market efficiency. One interpretation (see Verrecchia 6 ) has no implication for market efficiency. Under the second interpretation (see Verrecchia 7 , 8 ) consensus beliefs equilibria are efficient, but they typically do not exist unless traders have rational expectations. 相似文献
159.
160.
ROBERT DORFMAN 《The Journal of Finance》1981,36(5):1011-1021
Nearly one hundred years after Irving Fisher' persuasive argument that net present value is the fundamental criterion for appraising investment projects, businessmen and bankers continue to consider the internal rate of return. Business practice is justified in some circumstances. It has long been recognized that a firm will grow asymptotically at a rate equal to the largest real positive root of an individual project' rate of return equation if the net cash flows are continually reinvested in projects of the same type. That same root also controls the firm' asymptotic growth rate if any fixed proportion of the cash flows is reinvested. The other roots of the equation are important also, since the stability of the firm' growth path depends on them. 相似文献