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81.
This paper investigates hypotheses about the determinants of trade and investment liberalisation with a particular focus on the market access and national treatment commitments under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). We set up a database of these GATS commitments and use the ratio of all commitments listed by a country to the possible number of commitments as a measure of liberalisation of market access/national treatment. Our empirical analysis suggests that larger and ‘richer’ countries commit to more liberal regimes of market access and national treatment. This is surprising since economic theory predicts the largest welfare gains for low‐skilled abundant (skilled‐labour/physical‐capital‐scarce) economies. Also, our findings suggest that liberalisation is stronger among geographically close countries with strong ties in goods trade. 相似文献
82.
83.
Engineering Process Controllers (EPC) are frequently based on parametrized models. If process conditions change, the parameter
estimates used by the controllers may become biased, and the quality characteristics will be affected. To detect such changes
it is adequate to use Statistical Process Control (SPC) methods. The run length statistic is commonly used to describe the
performance of an SPC chart. This paper develops approximations for the first two moments of the run length distribution of
a one-sided Shewhart chart used to detect two types of process changes in a system that is regulated by a given EPC scheme:
i) changes in the level parameter; ii) changes in the drift parameter. If the drift parameter shifts, it is further assumed that the form of the drift process changes
from a linear trend under white noise (the in-control drift model) into a random walk with drift model. Two different approximations
for the run length moments are presented and their accuracy is numerically analyzed.
Received: August 1998 相似文献
84.
Wolfgang?BühlerEmail author Olaf?Korn Rainer?Sch?bel 《Review of Derivatives Research》2004,7(3):185-212
In this paper we investigate Metallgesellschafts problem of hedging long-term forwards with short-term futures. Very different hedging strategies have been proposed in the literature. We attribute these differences to the underlying valuation approaches for oil futures and empirically compare five model-based hedging strategies. In particular, we consider a strategy which results from a two-regime pricing model. This continuous-time equilibrium model reflects the observation that prices of oil futures exhibit a very different behavior for low and high oil prices. Our empirical study shows that time diversification is the dominant effect for an effective hedging of long-term oil forwards with short-term futures.
JEL classification G13, G30 相似文献
85.
The well-known binomial and trinomial tree models for option pricing are examined from the point of view of numerical efficiency. Common lattices use a large part of time resources for calculations which are almost irrelevant for the solution. To avoid this waste of resources, the tree is reduced to a lean form which yields the same order of convergence, but with a reduction of numerical effort. In numerical tests it is shown that the proposed method leads to a significant improvement in real calculation time without loss of accuracy for a broad class of derivatives. 相似文献
86.
Rainer Schlittgen 《Empirica》1991,18(1):47-63
The paper proposes two resistant methods for time series decomposition, i. e., methods that are insensitive to a few aberrant observations. One is based on running medians instead of the usual moving averages and is designed along the lines of SABL, a package developed shortly after Tukey's ideas were published. The other method uses structural time series models and adapts smoothing splines which are suitably robustified. The resistance of the two methods are studied by employing the concept of the breakdown point. Also resistance and efficiency are investigated by the means of a suitably chosen model.
I am grateful to the referees for several helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
Zusammenfassung Es werden zwei resistente, d. h. gegen Ausreißer unempfindliche Methoden zur Zerlegung von Zeitreihen vorgestellt. Die erste benutzt gleitende Mediane anstelle der üblichen gleitenden Durchschnitte und vereinfacht das Verfahren SABL. SABL wurde als resistentes Zerlegungspaket kurz nach der Publikation von Tukeys Ideen zur explorativen Datenanalyse entwickelt. Die zweite Methode geht von strukturellen Zeitreihenmodellen aus und verwendet verallgemeinerte glättende Splines, die geeignet robustifiziert werden. Die Resistenzeigenschaften der beiden Verfahren werden anhand des Bruchpunkt-Konzeptes sowie auf der Basis eines Modells diskutiert. Zudem dient das Modell als Grundlage zur Einschätzung ihrer Effizienz.
I am grateful to the referees for several helpful comments and suggestions. 相似文献
87.
Likert scales are widely used in survey studies for attitude measuring. In particular, the questionnaires propagated by the
SERVQUAL approach are based on Likert scales. Though the problem of attitude suggests an ordinal interpretation of Likert
scales, attitude survey data are often evaluated with techniques designed for cardinal measurements. The present paper discusses
the interpretation of scales for attitude measuring and gives a survey of data analysis techniques under the proper ordinal
understanding. 相似文献
88.
In this paper we develop a model of the economic value of credit rating systems. Increasing international competition and changes in the regulatory framework driven by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (Basel II) called forth incentives for banks to improve their credit rating systems. An improvement of the statistical power of a rating system decreases the potential effects of adverse selection, and, combined with meeting several qualitative standards, decreases the amount of regulatory capital requirements. As a consequence, many banks have to make investment decisions where they have to consider the costs and the potential benefits of improving their rating systems. In our model the quality of a rating system depends on several parameters such as the accuracy of forecasting individual default probabilities and the rating class structure. We measure effects of adverse selection in a competitive one-period framework by parameterizing customer elasticity. Capital requirements are obtained by applying the current framework released by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. Results of a numerical analysis indicate that improving a rating system with low accuracy to medium accuracy can increase the annual rate of return on a portfolio by 30–40 bp. This effect is even stronger for banks operating in markets with high customer elasticity and high loss rates. Compared to the estimated implementation costs banks could have a strong incentive to invest in their rating systems. The potential of reduced capital requirements on the portfolio return is rather weak compared to the effect of adverse selection. 相似文献
89.
Zusammenfassung Lohnt sich ein Pflegemanagement-Studium? — Bessere Jobs, Führungsaufgaben und letztendlich auch mehr Geld sind schon Motivation
genug, um nach einer Berufsausbildung noch ein Studium zu beginnen. Doch zahlt sich der Einsatz am Ende auch aus? Die Hamburger
Fern-Hochschule wollte es genau wissen. 相似文献
90.