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31.
Aufwendungen für Forschung und Entwicklung werden im Hinblick auf die internationale
Wettbewerbsf?higkeit eines Wirtschafts- und Technologiestandorts als besonders
bedeutsam eingesch?tzt. Wie l?sst sich der Zusammenhang zwischen Forschung und
wirtschaftlicher Entwicklung empirisch nachweisen? Welchen Rang nimmt Deutschland
im internationalen Vergleich der Forschungs- und Innovationsaktivit?ten ein? Welche
Handlungsoptionen ergeben sich für die Wirtschaftspolitik? 相似文献
32.
Rainer Offergeld 《Intereconomics》1979,14(2):68-70
In consequence of the growing economic differences between the developing countries themselves, the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany has developed, alongside plans to combat absolute poverty, a concept for cooperation with relatively advanced developing countries. Rainer Offergeld, Federal Minister for Economic Cooperation, explains this concept. 相似文献
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Rainer Jonas 《Intereconomics》1975,10(9):277-281
In literature and practice the term “development bank” is commonly applied to investment banks for the financing of private projects which deserve to be promoted on general economic grounds. Their salient task is usually to provide medium- and long-term funds. Complementary consultative functions are occasionally performed as well while other bank transactions, especially of a short-term nature, and debit business were, as a rule, not considered. This concept of the purpose of a development bank has proved too narrow, too normative and too general. 相似文献
35.
The Costs of Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade: Evidence from New Zealand. — Recent work on trade policy with imperfect competition indicates that the adverse effects of non-tariff barriers to trade exceed those suggested by traditional theory. With market power in foreign supply, setting a restrictive non-tariff barrier will induce foreign exporters to raise their supply prices. The authors use the experiment provided by the comprehensive New Zealand economic reforms of the mid-1980s. Using panel data on export unit values from Germany and the United States to several destinations including New Zealand, they find some evidence for decreased export prices to New Zealand as a result of the dismantling of non-tariff barriers to trade. 相似文献
36.
This study examines the factors governing the decision to locate new research and development facilities at locations distant from company headquarters. The 20 firms surveyed are German, Swiss, Dutch, Japanese and Finnish multinationals. Development laboratories, it was found, followed the established pattern of being located away from headquarters only when distant markets attain a critical size. For research laboratories, however, the decisive factor in all cases is a desire to tap into the expertise developing in 'centres of competence' such as the American Northeast in biotechnology. This factor only operates when the new technology is otherwise unfamiliar to the investing company. This factor overrides the conventional wish to minimize the costs of internal and external communications. 相似文献
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Based on the idea of averaging a new stochastic approximation algorithm has been proposed by Bather (1989), which shows a
preferable performance for small to moderate sample sizes. In the present paper an almost sure representation is established
for this procedure, which gives the optimal rate of convergence with minimal asymptotic variance.
Work partly supported by the research grant Ku719/2-1 of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft 相似文献
40.