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171.
Ralf Buckley 《Journal of Sustainable Tourism》2013,21(6):643-672
This review examines what outcomes ecotourism has achieved in regard to environmental issues. It proposes an analytic framework distinguishing four types of mechanism: those which can generate positive effects; those which can reduce negative effects; those which can increase negative effects; and contested issues, including scale and mainstreaming. It then discusses the barriers to evaluating ecotourism's environmental record. These include: problems of definition; the use of eco-labels; and the range of inclusion within any analysis. Finally, it outlines a series of future research priorities including: product and enterprise analysis; the value and importance of codes, interpretation and marketing, the potential significance of new community and political mechanisms; and post-trip lifestyle change. 相似文献
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173.
We construct synchronously priced indices of securitized property listed on the New York Stock Exchange and London Stock Exchange. The indices are then utilized to examine dynamic information flows between the two markets. By analyzing returns behavior, asymmetric volatility spillover effects and exceedance correlations, this study shows that the real estate markets in these two countries experience significant interaction on a daily basis when synchronously priced data are utilized. These results are different from when close-to-close returns are examined, implying that the use of close-to-close data can misconstrue the true dynamics that exist between these markets. Results also show significant asymmetric effects on both the volatility and correlation dynamics between the markets. This has several implications for property portfolio managers, indicating that positive and negative news impact the markets differently. This is particularly true for the United Kindom, where daily foreign news from the United States can influence U.K. volatility. 相似文献
174.
In this paper we present some counterexamples to show that an uncritical application of the usual methods of continuous-time portfolio optimization can be misleading in the case of a stochastic opportunity set. Cases covered are problems with stochastic interest rates, stochastic volatility, and stochastic market price of risk. To classify the problems occurring with stochastic market coefficients, we further introduce two notions of stability of portfolio problems. 相似文献
175.
Volker R. Berghahn,American big business in Britain and Germany: a comparative history of two ‘special relationships’ in the twentieth century (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014. Pp. 392. ISBN 9780691161099 Hbk. £34.95) 下载免费PDF全文
Ralf Banken 《The Economic history review》2015,68(4):1473-1475
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177.
The computer software market is a textbook example of network externalities: if a user decides to work with a specific program, the utility of all other users of the same product increases. This increase in utility is not compensated for by the market; thus one speaks of network externalities. Such network externalities lead to a natural tendency towards quasi standardization, favoring a high market concentration on the supply side. This article demonstrates that Java programs combined with an appropriate object standardization may reduce the influence of the network externalities, giving smaller companies a better chance to compete successfully. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
178.
Customer lifetime value (CLV) measurement is challenging as it requires forecasting customers' future purchases. Existing stochastic CLV models for this purpose generally make the following assumptions: 1) purchase behavior of customers can be described by purchase frequency and the average monetary value of transactions, 2) customers keep the same purchase behavior pattern over time, 3) purchase frequency and monetary value are independent, and 4) customers are active during a limited period of time after which they permanently defect. We develop a new stochastic model that relaxes these four assumptions. First, in addition to the number of transactions and its monetary values, we also model purchase incidence decisions (i.e. whether or not to purchase). Second, our partially hidden Markov truncated–NBD-GG (PHM/TNBD-GG) model allows dynamic purchase patterns, dependence between purchase frequency and monetary value, and customers to become active after a few periods of temporary inactivity. Validation of our model on two datasets demonstrates that if assumptions 1 to 4 of existing stochastic models are violated our model produces more accurate forecasts of future customer behavior. 相似文献
179.
We introduce a new stochastic control framework where in addition to controlling the local coefficients of a jump‐diffusion process, it is also possible to control the intensity of switching from one state of the environment to the other. Building upon this framework, we develop a large investor model for optimal consumption and investment that generalizes the regime‐switching approach of Bäuerle and Rieder (2004) . 相似文献
180.
Ashlea Kellner 《The Service Industries Journal》2017,37(9-10):545-566
Franchising is synonymous with standardisation and control, to achieve system-wide efficiencies and consistency in the brand image. Scholarly literature on human resource management (HRM) in this context has, to date, been relatively one-dimensional, discussing standardisation of HRM from the franchisor’s perspective with insufficient consideration of the role and experiences of franchisees. This article seeks to extend the concept of core and peripheral franchising components to HRM activities, presenting findings from a three-case study of Australian coffee franchises. The findings suggest reframing HRM in franchises as two separate but potentially overlapping systems managed by franchisor and franchisee, with core and peripheral elements that may or may not align. Subsequent outcomes of misalignment for the franchise relationship are considered, and resulting franchisee HRM behaviours are illustrated in a Franchisee HRM Response Matrix. 相似文献