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161.
Many street‐level bureaucrats have the dual task of helping some clients, while sanctioning others. We develop a model of a street‐level bureaucracy, and we study the implications of its personnel policy on the self‐selection and allocation decisions of agents who differ in altruism towards clients. When bureaucrats are paid flat wages, they do not sanction, and the most altruistic types sort into bureaucracy. Pay‐for‐performance induces some bureaucrats to sanction, but it necessitates an increase in compensation, which can result in sorting from the top and bottom of the altruism distribution. We also explain why street‐level bureaucrats often experience an overload of clients. 相似文献
162.
Robert Scealy David Newth Don Gunasekera John Finnigan 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》2012,31(3):327-336
We examine the effects of a one degree Celsius warming globally by 2030 on the distribution of grains sector productivity responses in several major economies. An integrated assessment modelling framework, the Global Integrated Assessment Model is used in our analysis. Our results highlight that at the tails of the distribution of climate change impacts simulated in this study, there is some variation in self‐sufficiency and export availability of grains products reported for specific economies. These variations could widen further if distortionary trade policies are added to the current analysis. 相似文献
163.
Axiomatic bargaining theory (e.g., Nash's theorem) is static. We attempt to provide a dynamic justification for the theory. Suppose a judge or arbitrator must allocate utility in an (infinite) sequence of two‐person problems; at each date, the judge is presented with a utility possibility set in ℝ+2. He/she must choose an allocation in the set, constrained only by Nash's axioms, in the sense that a penalty is paid if and only if a utility allocation is chosen at date T that is inconsistent, according to one of the axioms, with a utility allocation chosen at some earlier date. Penalties are discounted with t and the judge chooses any allocation, at a given date, that minimizes the penalty he/she pays at that date. Under what conditions will the judge's chosen allocations converge to the Nash allocation over time? We answer this question for three canonical axiomatic bargaining solutions—Nash, Kalai–Smorodinsky, and “egalitarian”—and generalize the analysis to a broad class of axiomatic models. 相似文献
164.
Abstract This study uses panel data on Canadian establishments to explore the relationship between the organization of work – in particular decentralization, information‐sharing, and incentive pay schemes – and innovation. Like other studies, ours finds a clear positive link between these factors. However, the data give strong indications that this relationship is not causal. We show that: (1) the correlation between workplace organization and innovation holds for information‐sharing but is much weaker for decentralized decision‐making or incentive pay programs, (2) controls for unobserved heterogeneity significantly weaken results, and (3) lagged variables give no clear evidence that organizational changes predate innovation. 相似文献
165.
Robert Sproule 《Journal of Economics》2010,101(2):185-191
Currently, the consumer’s price of utility, which is integral to the consumer’s or Frischian static profit function, is viewed as exogenous to the profit-maximization decision. The present note challenges this perspective by demonstrating that if the consumer is a profit maximizer, then the consumer’s price of utility is endogenous to the decision-making process. 相似文献
166.
This article documents the long-horizon mean reverting character of annual earnings and tests the implications of such mean reversion for security valuation. First, both theory-based and nonparametric measures of earnings persistence decrease as the estimation order increases, revealing 40 percent less long-horizon persistence than expected under the commonly used random walk model. Second, the return responses to the earnings shocks are more closely related across firms to the higher-order measures of persistence that reflect significant long-horizon mean reversion. Third, the persistence measure derived from classical valuation theory outperforms the generic measure in explaining the return responses. Taken as a whole, these results provide evidence for significant mean reversion in the higher-order properties of earnings and for the stock market incorporating these properties in a manner consistent with classical valuation theory. 相似文献
167.
We study dictator allocations using a 2×2 experimental design that varies the level of anonymity and the choice set, allowing observation of audience effects in both give and take frames. Changes in the distribution of responses across treatment cells allow us to distinguish among alternative motives as elaborated in recent theory. We observe significant audience effects that vary by both frame and gender. The pattern of responses suggests that heterogeneous concerns for reputation and self-signaling across gender give rise to the contextual effects associated with the give and take frames that have previously been observed in the literature. 相似文献
168.
David E. Bloom David Canning Michael Moore 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2014,116(3):838-858
We develop an optimizing life‐cycle model of retirement with perfect capital markets. We show that longer healthy life expectancy usually leads to later retirement, but with an elasticity less than unity. We calibrate our model using data from the US and find that, over the last century, the effect of rising incomes, which promote early retirement, has dominated the effect of rising lifespans. Our model predicts continuing declines in the optimal retirement age, despite rising life expectancy, provided the rate of real wage growth remains as high as in the last century. 相似文献
169.
Robert J.W. Tijssen 《Technology Analysis & Strategic Management》2013,25(7):859-879
The internationalisation of corporate research is an issue with a large impact on strategic decision-making within the research-intensive pharmaceutical industry. However, sector-wide comparative statistics on the whereabouts of corporate research activities and the geographic distribution of their research partners is scarce. This paper describes the international research profiles of Europe's top 10 largest multinational pharmaceutical companies based on publication counts and author address information drawn from the thousands of pharmaceutical research articles published in 2005–2006. The results provide relevant aggregate-level background intelligence for strategic analysis of the industry's internationalisation processes and research cooperation patterns. The overall statistics indicate that international research activity of European industry is significantly more oriented towards the US science base than vice versa. Company-level statistical data on the research cooperation involving each company's central research centres based in country of corporate headquarters, reveal quite distinctive geographical characteristics alongside differential preferences for in-house or external research partners. 相似文献
170.
This paper examines the current status and prospects of heterodox approaches to economics in relation to the problem of marketing ideas to groups of potential users who see the world in very different ways. It draws lessons from the changing status of behavioural economics and highlights the marketing problems that arise between heterodox economists whose perspectives overlap only partially. Its principal message is that the best hope for heterodox economics may lie in taking a less openly combative approach than hitherto when trying to win over mainstream economists and instead using strategies of stealth based on the empirical advantages of pluralistic applied research methods. 相似文献