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81.
There has been an extensive body of research conducted into the technical aspects of the just-in-time (JIT) manufacturing methodology, particularly prior to 1990. It is only in more recent times that the focus has turned toward the more subtle people-related aspects. The recognition of JIT as a truly holistic approach to managing manufacturing operations has led to an appreciation of the importance of the role played by the human variable as well as an emphasis on the impact that organisational structure and management style can have on successful operation. This article examines and analyses the content of a wide range of articles related to issues such as: the need for change in corporate culture, the role of organisational structures, factors significantly impacting chances of success, the importance of employee involvement, how best to involve employees, the importance of training, how/whom/when to train, different team-based organisational structures, the impact of changing roles on various levels of the organisation and the appropriateness of particular change management strategies. An overall picture of the current state of thinking on these issues is thus developed and the importance of these factors to the successful implementation and operation of JIT highlighted. Opportunities for further research in this important area are identified. 相似文献
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Angus W. Laing Alison J. Brown 《International Journal of Nonprofit & Voluntary Sector Marketing》1997,2(4):342-352
This paper examines the process of interaction between consumers and providers of dental services in terms of the key selection and evaluation criteria employed by consumers. Focusing on the United Kingdom, it examines the impact of changes in both pricing and provision on the utilisation and evaluation of dental services. Based on a questionnaire survey of dental patients, in the context of the evolving body of literature concerned with consumer behaviour in respect of services, the paper attempts to improve the current understanding of the key factors shaping consumer choice in respect of professional services. Specifically, it argues that the highly complex nature of professional services impacts on patterns of consumer behaviour, resulting in the relationship between the individual service professional and the consumer being the focus of consumer evaluation. This in turn has significant implications for the effective marketing of such professional services. 相似文献
84.
The emerging concern about software piracy and illegal or unauthorized use of information technology and software has been
evident in the media and open literature for the last few years. In the course of conducting their academic assignments, the
authors began to compare observations from classroom experiences related to ethics in the use of software and information
technology and systems. Qualitatively and anecdotally, it appeared that many if not most, students had misconceptions about
what represented ethical and unethical behaviors in these realms. Clearly, one can argue that if college students are uncertain
about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior then this uncertainty will be carried forward into their workplaces
upon graduation. Furthermore, if their workplaces don't provide ethics training as a component of a new employee orientation
program, one can project a potential for unintentional violations and infringements of copyrights and law in the field. This
study was conducted among graduate and undergraduate students to gain insight into their attitudes, perceptions and understanding
of some of the relevant ethics issues. A questionnaire of 11 statements was employed that described ubiquitous but most likely
unethical (or surely dubious) behaviors in the prevailing business and academic environments. Each respondent was asked to
evaluate each statement twice (once for “self” and once for “colleague”) on a five-option highly ethical (5) to neutral (3)
to highly unethical (1) scale. The statements were worded such that lower instrument score was associated with higher ethical
responses. The questionnaire's two-part structure was designed to solicit honest answers. The encouraging learning from this
study was that the overall sample and its various sub-samples did not consider any of the eleven behaviors to be “ethical”
or “highly ethical.” It was also encouraging to note that the overall sample and all sub-samples considered “highly unethical”
those behaviors associated with personal privacy or property or outright theft. This indicated that moral judgment and probity
prevail. The discouraging learning was that behaviors associated with the use of enterprise property were viewed as “neutral”
i.e., neither “ethical” nor “unethical.” These findings suggested confusion and lack of clarity and definition around workplace
deportment as it regards ethics in software and information technology use. The current study suggests that additional research
needs to be conducted to define and clarify the issues, which in turn can form the basis for programs to rectify or at least
ameliorate the situation. 相似文献
85.
The purpose of this study was to assess the basis behavior of the Live Cattle Futures contract at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) before and after the 1995 contract changes. Additionally, an alternative method of basis calculation utilizing weighted mean futures prices versus settlement futures prices was compared to determine which method provides a better representation of the basis level. Within a regression model with heteroskedascity error framework, we found that the level of nearby basis in the period after June 1995 has shifted lower and the average monthly open interest of net commercial long positions has substantially increased after the contract modifications. These empirical results are consistent with the notion that more long activity entered the market in response to the contract modifications. Additionally, an alternative (new) measure of basis calculation (cash price minus weighted mean futures price) produced similar results to two other commonly used measures. In conclusion, the 1995 contract changes have neither increased nor decreased the volatility of live cattle basis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:557–590, 2004 相似文献
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88.
Explaining Firm Employment Growth: Does Location Matter? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
This paper addresses the question to what extent the location of a firm can be regarded as having an influence on the performance of a firm as measured by employment growth. While in theory it is widely acknowledged that `location' should be considered as a relevant growth determinant, empirical research has so far mainly focused on firm-internal factors. The question raised in this paper is empirically verified by means of an econometric model based on a data set of circa 35,000 establishments located in the northern part of the Netherlands during the period 1994–1999. The model includes several measurements of location characteristics like the population level and growth, employment growth, spatial specialisation and cluster indicators, type of enterprise zone, and accessibility while controlling for firm-associated factors such as size, age, and business activity. Based on the fact that we find several significant coefficients we conclude that `location matters' but that the effect differs by type of economic activity. 相似文献
89.
THE SQUARED ORNSTEIN-UHLENBECK MARKET 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
We study a complete market containing J assets, each asset contributing to the production of a single commodity at a rate that is a solution to the squared Ornstein-Uhlenbeck (Cox-Ingersoll-Ross) SDE. The assets are owned by K agents with CRRA utility functions, who follow feasible consumption/investment regimes so as to maximize their expected time-additive utility from consumption. We compute the equilibrium for this economy and determine the state-price density process from market clearing. Reducing to a single (representative) agent, and exploiting the relation between the squared-OU and squared-Bessel SDEs, we obtain closed-form expressions for the values of bonds, assets, and options on the total asset value. Typical model parameters are estimated by fitting bond price data, and we use these parameters to price the assets and options numerically. Implications for the total asset price itself as a diffusion are discussed. We also estimate implied volatility surfaces for options and bond yields. 相似文献
90.