Additive and Multiplicative Uncertainty Revisited: What Explains the Contrasting Biases?

above the certainty level while for additive uncertainty the price should be lower than the certainty level. This note gives an intuitive explanation for the result after first presenting a parsimonious review of the two models. We also discuss which, if either, of the two models is more realistic. Received December 14, 2001; revised version received July 16, 2002 Published online: April 30, 2003 We thank referees for helpful comments. Ciaran Driver would like to acknowledge the research facilities from ANU, Canberra for their help in writing this paper.     

Alternative Forms of Mixing Banking with Commerce: Evidence from American History

Much of the discussion about banking and commerce in America has failed to make several crucial distinctions and has not accounted for many arrangements that have promoted the mixing of these activities. We investigate the history of banking and commerce in the United States, looking both at bank control of commercial firms and commercial firms' control of banks. We trace how these controls have changed with shifting definitions of "bank" and changing methods of "control." Despite the regulations prohibiting some arrangements that promote financial control, we find evidence of extensive linkages between banking and commerce in the United States. These linkages usually build on devices that are very close substitutes to the arrangements prohibited by law. Altogether, our findings question the often made claim that traditionally banking in the United States has been separated from commerce. Furthermore, given that research on Japan and Germany has shown that the mixing of banking and commerce matters for a variety of issues, our evidence also raises some questions on similar research in the United States which makes the simplifying assumption that these industries are separated.     

关于组建深圳市新华书店发行集团的研究与论证

<正> 按照新闻出版署关于深化图书发行体制改革,培育和规范图书市场的要求,为进一步贯彻党的十五大精神,加快国有企业改革步伐,深圳市新华书店发行集团调研小组赴成都、重庆、广州等地进行了考察,并对部分省市组建发行集团的情况进行了认真调研。本着“统一规划,分步实施”的原则,以建立现代企业制度为目标,提出了成立深圳市新华书店发行集团的研究论证方案。通过战略性重组来组建特区的发行集团,既是贯彻市委市政府组织实施大公司大集团的战略部署;又是适应深圳二次创业,创建现代文化名城的需要。     

Service Competitiveness – An Anglo-US Study

This article reports on the latest in a series of international comparisons of management practices and performance outcomes of industries in various countries. Here, it is the service industries in the UK and the US which come under the microscope. Among the companies surveyed, there were more world-class performers in the US than the UK, but also more low performers. The concluding part of the article is diagnostic – the authors also suggest measures which could improve performance.     

一种双机热备份计算机系统

本文探讨了计算机系统冗余备份的工作原理和实现方法，介绍了一种实用的双机热备份切换、控制系统和其切换、控制单元的组成和工作原理。