Liberalizing trade in services: from Marrakech to Seattle

WTO Members are currently preparing the ground for a new services round to be launched in Seattle, in December 1999. This article reviews recent developments in services trade, the underlying economic factors and the political response given hitherto by WTO Members. Critical issues in the preparation of the new round, including the choice of the basic negotiating approach, are discussed. All views expressed are those of the author.     

Determinants of Consumer Perceptions toward Mobile Advertising — A Comparison between Japan and Austria

Mobile marketing provides an innovative channel for transmitting advertising messages to customers via mobile devices. The growth of mobile advertising in recent years requires that researchers and practitioners understand consumer perceptions of this form of advertising. The purpose of this paper is to investigate factors influencing the perception of mobile advertising in different cultures. Based on samples from Austria and Japan, we empirically examine relevant m-advertising effects. The results suggest that infotainment and credibility are key factors predicting advertising value among Austrians and the Japanese. However, our findings show that Japanese customers are more irritated by mobile advertising than are Austrian respondents.     

Ethnic ties, location choice, and firm performance in foreign direct investment: A study of Taiwanese business groups FDI in China

This paper examines ethnic ties and their impact on FDI location choice and firm performance. Drawing on social network theory and using data from 88 Taiwanese business groups, the study tests the impact of ethnic ties on firm FDI location choice and performance outcomes in China. Results show that ethnic ties of top managers matter in facilitating firm FDI location choice. In contrast to our expectations however, ethnic ties do not help to improve firm performance in China. Implications of these results are discussed in view of existing literature and future research opportunities are delineated.     

Trade policies and the environment— Subsidies, taxes and border adjustments

Border tax adjustments rank high on the environmental policy agenda in many countries, in particular in western Europe. They seem to offer an easy solution to policymakers confronted with both ecological and fiscal constraints. However, while appealing from the perspective of policy implementation, such schemes may pose economic, ecological and trade problems.     

Changing production patterns,poverty, and the role of consumer unions: Some conceptual notes with reference to Latin America

The purpose of this paper, first presented in the seminar on poverty of the Thirteenth World Conference of The International Organization of Consumers Unions, is to introduce the work of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean containing a proposal for changes in the development strategy of Latin America in the 1990's (ECLAC, 1990a). A centerpiece in this proposal concerns the possibility to combine economic growth with social equity. In the first part of the paper, the main concepts in ECLAC's outline of a new development strategy are presented. The second part focuses specifically on the relationship between growth and poverty reduction. In the last part some ideas are launched to discuss what this might imply for the role of Consumer Unions in the context of development.

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Sich ändernde Produktionsstrukturen, Armut und die Rolle von Verbrauchervereinigungen: einige Überlegungen im Hinblick auf Lateinamerika

Zusammenfassung Ziel des Beitrages, der erstmals anläßlich eines Seminars über Armut der 13. Weltkonferenz der Verbrauchervereinigungen vorgestellt wurde, ist es, über die Arbeit der wirtschaftlichen Kommission der Vereinten Nationen für Lateinamerika und die Karibik und ihre Vorschläge zur Veränderung der Entwicklungsstrategie für diese Region für die 90er Jahre zu informieren. Kernstück dieser Vorschläge ist die Verbindung von ökonomischem Wachstum mit sozialer Gleichheit.Im ersten Abschnitt des Beitrages werden die Hauptkonzepte, die die Kommission bei der Analyse der Gründe für die Entwicklungsprobleme in Lateinamerika verwendet, und die politischen Vorschläge an die Regierungen der Region behandelt. Der zweite Abschnitt untersucht die Beziehung zwischen wirtschaftlichem Wachstum und Armutsbekämpfung und stellt dabei die Fähigkeit des Einzelnen, sozial sinnvoll zu handeln, und deren Förderung in den Vordegrund. Der dritte Abschnitt äußert einige Vorstellungen dazu, welche Rolle den Verbrauchervereinigungen in dieser Entwicklung zukommt.

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Rudolf M. Buitelaar is Economic Affairs Officer at the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, Casilla 179 D, Santiago, Chile.     

Über einige Ansätze der Wachstumstheorie

Ohne ZusammenfassungMit 3 TextabbildungenProfessor Dr. Dr. Dr. h. c. Dr. h. c. Walter Georg Waffenschmidt zum 75. Geburtstag gewidmet.     

A flow mechanism for layering in a heterogeneous porous medium

The flow of a particle fluid mixture through a heterogeneous permeable material is studied with a view to obtaining characteristic fingerprints for the structures that such flows may exhibit. This flow has a variable density and behaves as a compressible fluid, with the compressibility derived from the variations of the local field variables. Both pressure-sensitive or speed-fluctuation-dependent rheologies are studied in the steady state and a speed-fluctuation-dependent material is studied in a time-dependent analysis. The salient findings are that for a pressure-sensitive material structures normal to the mean flow direction are obtained. For the speed-fluctuation-dependent rheology, the pressure structures are normal to the mean flow, whereas the density structures are aligned with the flow (fingering).