全文获取类型
收费全文 | 69527篇 |
免费 | 1392篇 |
国内免费 | 1篇 |
专业分类
财政金融 | 12796篇 |
工业经济 | 4658篇 |
计划管理 | 11057篇 |
经济学 | 15948篇 |
综合类 | 1035篇 |
运输经济 | 407篇 |
旅游经济 | 903篇 |
贸易经济 | 12730篇 |
农业经济 | 2620篇 |
经济概况 | 8066篇 |
信息产业经济 | 47篇 |
邮电经济 | 653篇 |
出版年
2021年 | 331篇 |
2020年 | 654篇 |
2019年 | 999篇 |
2018年 | 3209篇 |
2017年 | 3026篇 |
2016年 | 2281篇 |
2015年 | 840篇 |
2014年 | 1356篇 |
2013年 | 5696篇 |
2012年 | 2091篇 |
2011年 | 3552篇 |
2010年 | 3233篇 |
2009年 | 3105篇 |
2008年 | 3021篇 |
2007年 | 3115篇 |
2006年 | 1436篇 |
2005年 | 1516篇 |
2004年 | 1551篇 |
2003年 | 1594篇 |
2002年 | 1332篇 |
2001年 | 1171篇 |
2000年 | 1155篇 |
1999年 | 1048篇 |
1998年 | 1083篇 |
1997年 | 998篇 |
1996年 | 966篇 |
1995年 | 872篇 |
1994年 | 875篇 |
1993年 | 881篇 |
1992年 | 918篇 |
1991年 | 918篇 |
1990年 | 781篇 |
1989年 | 661篇 |
1988年 | 631篇 |
1987年 | 656篇 |
1986年 | 660篇 |
1985年 | 963篇 |
1984年 | 941篇 |
1983年 | 887篇 |
1982年 | 798篇 |
1981年 | 744篇 |
1980年 | 752篇 |
1979年 | 707篇 |
1978年 | 588篇 |
1977年 | 516篇 |
1976年 | 458篇 |
1975年 | 481篇 |
1974年 | 402篇 |
1973年 | 385篇 |
1972年 | 275篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
991.
Researching Preferences,Valuation and Hypothetical Bias 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A number of recent papers in environmental economics have focused on the process of researching preferences – agents are uncertain
about preferences but with effort may narrow their uncertainty. This issue has arisen in formulating bids in contingent valuation
(CV) as well as the debate over the divergence between WTP and WTA. In the context of CV, it has been suggested that the hypothetical
nature of the preference elicitation process biases responses. This paper provides both a theoretical model and experimental
evidence to contribute to this debate. The model is a model of competitive bidding for a private good with two components
that are particularly relevant to the debate. The first component is that bidders are unsure of their own value for the private
good but may purchase information about their own value (researching preferences). The second component is that there is a
probability that the auction is hypothetical – that the winning bidder will not get the private good and will not pay the
winning bid. The experiment tests this theoretical model of bidding equilibrium and analyzes the effects of variations in
the parameters (hypotheticalness, information costs and number of agents) on the endogenous variables (such as the proportion
of bidders who become informed and the winning bid). Experimental results suggest that an increase in the hypotheticalness
of an auction tends to decrease the likelihood that bidders pay for information on their valuation with an ambiguous effect
on the winning bid.
相似文献
992.
Richard M. O‘Conor Magnus Johannesson Per-Olov Johansson 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1999,13(2):235-248
We compare different contingent valuation question formats with each other and with observed behaviour for a non-monetary estimation task, the expected number of kilometers travelled by automobile. Open-ended questions, open-ended follow-up questions, dichotomous choice (DC) questions, and double-bound DC questions are included. The single and double-bound DC questions result in an estimated mean about twice as high as the actual value and the open-ended mean. The DC question overestimation seems to be due to an anchoring effect leading to yea-saying behaviour. Our results about the difference between DC questions and open-ended questions is consistent with the pattern observed in contingent valuations studies of the willingness to pay. Our results indicates that DC questions seem to be associated with a general overestimation problem that is present even for simple non-monetary estimation tasks. 相似文献
993.
Guglielmo Maria Caporale Peter Howells Alaa M. Soliman 《Review of Development Economics》2005,9(2):166-176
This paper re‐examines the relationship between stock market development and economic growth. It provides a theoretical basis for establishing the channel through which stock markets affect economic growth in the long run. It examines the hypothesis of endogenous growth models that financial development causes higher growth through its influence on the level of investment and its productivity. The empirical part of this study exploits techniques recently developed to test for causality in VARs. The evidence obtained from a sample of four countries suggests that investment productivity is the channel through which stock market development enhances the growth rate in the long run. 相似文献
994.
This article on the distribution of wealth among individuals in the United Kingdom presents recent work on the effects of including pension rights and the significance of sex, age and marital status. It describes the rationale for including the accrued rights in occupational and State pension schemes (funded or unfunded) and the methods of estimation used. For funded schemes the rights are valued as the accrued liability of the schemes to their members, and for unfunded schemes similar liabilities are hypothecated; these estimates of the value of accrued pension rights involve assumptions about future earnings and interest rates. The trend in average marketable wealth with age is upwards until advanced years when it slows down or slightly reverses. Adding occupational pension rights only slightly raises the trend for females but has a bigger effect for males. Adding State pension rights raises these upward trends until the age of 60 after which there is a decline. For marketable wealth on the average males are wealthier than females but less wealthy if single, divorced or widowed. Adding occupational pension rights improves the relative position of males; adding State pension rights cancels this out. The effect of marital status rises with both age and sex and therefore a detailed three-way analysis is made. For females widows are on average the wealthiest; for young males the married; for older males the single. Using Theil's coefficient of entropy for comparing the inequality of wealth, the addition of pension rights reduces inequality by two-thirds. Age accounts for only 6 percent of inequality for marketable wealth but for 31 percent if pension rights are included. 相似文献
995.
Summary. We exploit the existence of matrix group symmetries on a production possibility set to identify group symmetries on the profit function. The groups are isomorphic, and provide a pre-ordering on firm preferences over prices. Together with additional structure on the technology, symmetries generate comparative statics on price responses. Linear and other invariances place bounds on firm choice vectors. Reflection group asymmetries on the feasible choice set also support welfare rankings over prices. The methods are adapted to study consumer decisions.Received: 12 August 2002, Revised: 30 January 2004, JEL Classification Numbers:
D11, D21, C60, L23.
Correspondence to: David A. Hennessy 相似文献
996.
Amitrajeet A. Batabyal 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1996,8(3):315-330
This paper continues a line of research begun in Batabyal (1995a). I model the interaction between a regulator and a monopolistic, polluting firm as a Stackelberg differential game in which the regulator leads. The firm creates pollution, which results in a stock externality. I analyze the intertemporal effects of alternate pollution control measures. The principal issue here concerns the dynamic inconsistency of the optimal solution. Inter alia, I compare the steady state levels of pollution under optimal and under dynamically consistent policies. 相似文献
997.
Natural resources, capital accumulation and the resource curse 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Richard M. Auty 《Ecological Economics》2007,61(4):627-634
Early concern by economists for the effect of natural capital on economic growth gave way to complacency and neglect during the nineteenth century. Evidence has emerged, however, that since the 1960s the economic performance of low-income countries has been inversely related to their natural resource wealth. This relationship is not a deterministic one so policy counts. SEEA can help improve the policy and performance of resource-abundant low-income countries by reinforcing the rationale for the sound management of natural resources and also by providing an index of policy sustainability in the form of the net saving rate. This policy index, along with other measures such as a capital fund for sterilizing the rent, initiatives to increase the transparency of rent flows and the rigorous evaluation of alternative uses of additional public sector revenue can improve the efficiency by which natural resource rent is transformed into alternative forms of capital to sustain rising social welfare. Chad and Mauritania provide case studies to illustrate how SEEA and net saving can be used to diagnose policy failure and improve economic performance. 相似文献
998.
Use of biofuels diminishes fossil fuelcombustion thereby also reducing net greenhousegas emissions. However, subsidies are
neededto make agricultural biofuel productioneconomically feasible. To explore the economicpotential of biofuels in a greenhouse
gasmitigation market, we incorporate data onproduction and biofuel processing for thedesignated energy crops switchgrass,
hybridpoplar, and willow in an U.S. AgriculturalSector Model along with data on traditionalcrop-livestock production and processing,
andafforestation of cropland. Net emissioncoefficients on all included agriculturalpractices are estimated through crop growthsimulation
models or taken from the literature. Potential emission mitigation policies ormarkets are simulated via hypothetical carbonprices.
At each carbon price level, theAgricultural Sector Model computes the newmarket equilibrium, revealing agriculturalcommodity
prices, regionally specificproduction, input use, and welfare levels,environmental impacts, and adoption ofalternative management
practices such asbiofuel production. Results indicate no rolefor biofuels below carbon prices of $40 perton of carbon equivalent.
At these incentivelevels, emission reductions via reduced soiltillage and afforestation are more costefficient. For carbon
prices above $70,biofuels dominate all other agriculturalmitigation strategies. 相似文献
999.
Richard A. Easterlin 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》1995,5(4):393-408
In little more than a century life expectancy has doubled in most parts of the world. Neither facts nor theory support the view that this Mortality Revolution is due to the Industrial Revolution and the era of rapid economic growth that ensued. Rather, both revolutions mark the onset of accelerated and sustained technological change in their respective areas. They occur largely independently of each other, the later occurrence of the Mortality Revolution being due to the later development of biomedical vis-a-vis physical knowledge. Comparative study of the two should prove fruitful. Although entrepreneurship is important in each, there appear to be differences in the underlying motivations and the role of private property and other institutions. Links between technological change, on the one hand, and scale of operation, capital inputs, and education, on the other, also offer promising possibilities for comparative study.The author is grateful to Donna Hokoda Ebata and Christine M. Schaeffer for excellent assistance, the University of Southern California for financial support, and to Eileen M. Crimmins, Samuel H. Preston, Morton O. Schapiro, Roger S. Schofield, and two referees for helpful comments. 相似文献
1000.
Ingredients of famine analysis: availability and entitlements 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sen A 《The quarterly journal of economics》1981,96(3):433-464