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71.
We consider a simple case of team production, where a set of workers have to contribute a single input (say labour) and then
share the joint output amongst themselves. Different incentive issues arise when the skills as well as the levels of effort
expended by workers are not publicly observable. We study one of these issues in terms of a very simple model in which two
types of workers, skilled and unskilled, supply effort inelastically. Thus, we assume away the problem of moral hazard in
order to focus on that of adverse selection. We also consider a hierarchical structure of production in which the workers
need to be organised in two tiers. We look for reward schemes which specify higher payments to workers who have been assigned
to the top-level jobs when the principal detects no lies, distribute the entire output in all circumstances, and induce workers
to revel their true abilities. We contemplate two scenarios. In the first one, each individual worker knows only her own type,
while in the second scenario each worker also knows the abilities of all other workers. Our general conclusion is that the
adverse selection problem can be solved in our context. However, the range of satisfactory reward schemes depends on the informational
framework. 相似文献
72.
Salvador Contreras 《The Review of Black Political Economy》2016,43(3-4):301-323
The identity choices people take on serve as a filter for viewing the world. It is believed that race identity formation is in part a response to economic and social incentives. Using NELS 1988 dataset we evaluate at the individual level factors that affect changes in self-reported racial identity. We find that being multiracial, living in a non-affirmative action ban state, and relative income/education measures within race groups have an effect on racial identity switching. We find strong evidence that the social-political environments surrounding an affirmative action ban alters the likelihood that an individual will change race. Our results suggest that social factors when present dominate economic incentives to take on a different racial identity. 相似文献
73.
Taking a combination between agency theory and resource dependence theory, we point out that directors' capital may have an effect on R&D strategies. A sample of both high-tech and low-tech industries for the period 2007–2011 is used. The results indicate that, regardless of the type of industry and the specific expertise on R&D intensive companies, board members with multiple directorships influence R&D corporate strategies. The resources acquired by directors through their experience and connections positively influence R&D intensity, but only if directors can carry out their monitoring activity adequately. This evidence implies a step forward in the understanding of the role of board of directors in corporate strategy, thus having significant implications for academics, companies and regulators, which are both theoretical and practical. 相似文献
74.
Objective: To assess the cost-effectiveness of panitumumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 (oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin) vs bevacizumab in combination with mFOLFOX6 as first-line treatment of patients with wild-type RAS metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in Spain.Methods: A semi-Markov model was developed including the following health states: Progression free; Progressive disease: Treat with best supportive care; Progressive disease: Treat with subsequent active therapy; Attempted resection of metastases; Disease free after metastases resection; Progressive disease: after resection and relapse; and Death. Parametric survival analyses of patient-level progression free survival and overall survival data from the PEAK Phase II clinical trial were used to estimate health state transitions. Additional data from the PEAK trial were considered for the dose and duration of therapy, the use of subsequent therapy, the occurrence of adverse events, and the incidence and probability of time to metastasis resection. Utility weightings were calculated from patient-level data from panitumumab trials evaluating first-, second-, and third-line treatments. The study was performed from the Spanish National Health System (NHS) perspective including only direct costs. A life-time horizon was applied. Probabilistic sensitivity analyses and scenario sensitivity analyses were performed to assess the robustness of the model.Results: Based on the PEAK trial, which demonstrated greater efficacy of panitumumab vs bevacizumab, both in combination with mFOLFOX6 first-line in wild-type RAS mCRC patients, the estimated incremental cost per life-year gained was €16,567 and the estimated incremental cost per quality-adjusted life year gained was €22,794. The sensitivity analyses showed the model was robust to alternative parameters and assumptions.Limitations: The analysis was based on a simulation model and, therefore, the results should be interpreted cautiously.Conclusions: Based on the PEAK Phase II clinical trial and taking into account Spanish costs, the results of the analysis showed that first-line treatment of mCRC with panitumumab?+?mFOLFOX6 could be considered a cost-effective option compared with bevacizumab?+?mFOLFOX6 for the Spanish NHS. 相似文献
75.
Toward an understanding of online information processing in e-tourism: does national culture matter?
Juan Miguel Alcántara-Pilar Salvador del Barrio-García Esmeralda Crespo-Almendros Lucia Porcu 《Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing》2017,34(8):1128-1142
Tourism is undoubtedly among the industries that better reflect the effects of globalization, technological advances (i.e. the Internet) being one of the most relevant drivers. Given the current market saturation of this sector, a better understanding of how tourists from different cultures process online information and forge their attitudes and behavioral intentions is called for. Nevertheless, national culture may have a major influence on the effectiveness of online tourist marketing activities. This study contributes to the extant body of knowledge via the analysis of the influence of perceived risk on how tourists process the information while browsing a tourist destination website, form their attitudes and behavioral intentions toward the destination. The effect of national culture on such antecedents is examined via a cross-cultural research to compare Spanish and British cultures. A theoretical model is proposed to integrate the effect of perceived risk and variables regarding technology acceptance on tourist responses. 相似文献
76.
Jesús Gallardo Ana I. Molina Crescencio Bravo Miguel Á. Redondo César A. Collazos 《Group Decision and Negotiation》2011,20(5):535-562
Within the field of groupware systems, collaborative modeling systems play an important role. They are useful and promising
tools for many fields of application. In this paper we begin with the evaluation of the usefulness of one of these tools,
SPACE-DESIGN, by applying it to a specific domain and by comparing it to a single-user tool which is shared by means of a
shared window system. We have performed a study in two phases in order to evaluate usability aspects and the awareness support
of both software tools. The first phase is an empirical study with users who have worked with both software tools, whilst
the second is a heuristic study with some heuristic models that are well known in the context of the research work. Taking
into account this study, we propose a complete evaluation framework, to be used as a theoretical lab which could be used to
evaluate interactive and usability aspects of any collaborative modeling tool. This is based on a comparison strategy and
proposes a specific sequence of phases: selection of collaborative modeling tools, empirical evaluation, heuristic evaluation,
analysis of results, and obtaining of conclusions. 相似文献
77.
Boris E. Bravo‐Ureta Alexandre Nunes Almeida Daniel Solís Aarón Inestroza 《Journal of Agricultural Economics》2011,62(2):429-448
This study examines the economic impact of sustainable agricultural production systems in Central America. In particular, we investigate the impact of investments promoted by the MARENA Programme in Honduras on the total value of agricultural production (TVAP) of its beneficiaries. Propensity Score Matching techniques along with the Difference‐in‐Differences framework are used to mitigate biases stemming from differences in observed as well as unobserved (time‐invariant) characteristics between beneficiaries and a control group. The econometric estimates suggest that MARENA has had a positive and significant effect on the TVAP of beneficiaries. In addition, the analysis shows that, under alternative scenarios, MARENA yielded higher than expected internal rates of return. The results of this study shed light on the response of small‐scale hillside farmers to economic incentives and lend support to the role of natural resource management projects in Central America as a tool to increase household income while also promoting the conservation of natural resources. 相似文献
78.
Foreign direct investment and productivity spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish experience 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Foreign Direct Investment and Productivity Spillovers: Evidence from the Spanish Experience. — The aim of this paper is to
analyse the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on firms’ productivity using a panel of Spanish manufacturing firms
for the period 1990–1998. Firstly, we show that for countries, like Spain, that are undergoing significant structural changes
over the period in question it is important to control for both time-invariant as well as time-variant sectoral characteristics.
Secondly, we confirm previous findings that one needs to take into account the “absorptive capacity” of firms when considering
whether they are able to avail of externalities associated with FDI presence. For the Spanish case we find that only firms
with sufficient levels of such capacity experience positive spillovers. 相似文献
79.
José L. Gallizo Pilar Gargallo & Manuel Salvador 《Journal of International Financial Management & Accounting》2002,13(3):214-234
Firms are managed on the basis of relationships between mutually involved groups, not only because of market forces, but also due to the influence that each group can exert over distribution decisions at a given moment in time. On the basis of a value added statement, it is possible to analyse the ability a firm has to reward all agents and to consider how the residual income is to be distributed. In this paper we set out to establish the tensions that arise between productive agents in the distribution of generated wealth. We carry out a time analysis of the movements between relationships that provide information on the distribution of that wealth, using data drawn from the Spanish Transport Equipment Manufacturing Industry. We propose a new multivariate dynamic linear model that is capable of analysing the joint evolution of the value added distribution ratios, with our particular objective being to throw light on the factors underlying this evolution. This analysis results in one single factor that explains 92.88 per cent of the total variation present in the residuals of the model. 相似文献
80.
Salvador ValdésPrieto 《The Scandinavian journal of economics》2004,106(2):389-390