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121.
We consider a framework where firms which compete in an international product market are not all submitted to a pollution
permit market. Using the Brander and Spencer’s framework (J Int Econ 18:83–100, 1985), we seek to determine the optimal strategies of both a dominant firm in the pollution permit market and the regulator in
a such context. We first show that the dominant firm pursues a strategic manipulation to increase its profit. We also find
that the regulator uses a sophisticated strategic policy to increase the domestic welfare by using two instruments: the initial
allocation of pollution permits and the pollution cap. 相似文献
122.
The role of informal institutions in corporate governance: Brazil,Russia, India,and China compared 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
This paper argues that the role of informal institutions as well as formal ones is central to understanding the functioning
of corporate governance. We focus on the four largest emerging economies: Brazil, Russia, India, and China—commonly referred
to as the BRIC countries. Our analysis is based on the Helmke and Levitsky framework of informal institutions and focuses
on two related aspects of corporate governance: firm ownership structures and property rights; and the relationship between
firms and external investors. We argue that for China and some states of India, “substitutive” informal institutions, whereby
informal institutions substitute for and replace ineffective formal institutions, are critical in creating corporate governance
leading to enhanced domestic and foreign investment. In contrast, Russia is characterized by “competing” informal institutions
whereby various informal mechanisms of corporate governance associated with corruption and clientelism undermine the functioning
of reasonably well set-out formal institutions relating to shareholder rights and relations with investors. Finally Brazil
is characterized by “accommodating” informal institutions which get around the effectively enforced but restrictive formal
institutions and reconcile varying objectives that are held between actors in formal and informal institutions. 相似文献
123.
Zvi Schwartz 《International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration》2013,14(2):128-146
ABSTRACT The effectiveness of revenue management systems has diminished in recent years due to the systems' inability to address the increasing complication of online deal-seeking behavior. To restore their efficiency, one must first understand the changes in advanced-booking behavior and their implications. This study expands the consumer booking model by addressing the impact of time-before-the-date-of-stay and exploring the implication for the hotel's pricing/marketing strategies. The findings underscore the urgent need for empirical research on timing by showing that the predictions of the advanced-booking model, and consequently the effectiveness of RM systems, depend on the actual patterns over time. 相似文献
124.
Which institutions encourage entrepreneurial growth aspirations? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We develop entrepreneurship and institutional theory to explain entrepreneurial growth aspirations across individuals and institutional contexts. Our framework generates hypotheses at the national level about the negative impact of higher levels of corruption, weaker property rights and greater government activity on entrepreneurs' aspirations to increase employment. We further explore whether individual's social networks compensate for weaknesses in national institutions. We use the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor surveys in 42 countries for 2001–2006, applying a multilevel estimation framework to test our ideas. We find that the relationship between growth aspiring entrepreneurs and institutions is complex; they benefit simultaneously from strong government (in the sense of property rights enforcement), and smaller government, but are constrained by corruption. Social networks mediate some but not all institutional deficiencies. 相似文献
125.
Mark S. Schwartz 《Journal of Business Ethics》2002,41(1-2):27-43
Are corporate codes of ethics necessarily ethical? To challenge this notion, an initial set of universal moral standards is proposed by which all corporate codes of ethics can be ethically evaluated. The set of universal moral standards includes: (1) trustworthiness; (2) respect; (3) responsibility; (4) fairness; (5) caring; and (6) citizenship. By applying the six moral standards to four different stages of code development (i.e., content, creation, implementation, administration), a code of ethics for corporate codes of ethics is constructed by which companies can be ethically audited for compliance. The newly proposed code of ethics for corporate codes of ethics was then applied to four large Canadian companies representing a variety of industries: telecommunications; banking, manufacturing, and high technology. The ethical audit of the four companies' ethics programs based on the proposed code indicates that all four companies have room to improve the ethical nature of their codes of ethics (i.e., content, creation, implementation, administration). 相似文献
126.
Gerd Schwartz 《World development》1991,19(12)
Hungary was the first Eastern European country to tackle the problem of economic reform: initially in piecemeal fashion, then by introducing broad sets of measures aimed at establishing a market-based economic system. This paper reviews the Hungarian experience with privatization policies and presents some general conclusions regarding the design of successful privatization schemes that might serve as rough guidelines for other countries trying to reduce a vastly overextended public sector. 相似文献
127.
A multilevel view of social change is presented in which socially responsible organizations, society, and high-hope individuals interact in support of hopefulness – thereby leveling the playing field. Suggestions are made about future research and the roles of organizations and society in eliciting hope in organizational and societal cultures. 相似文献
128.
Americans delude themselves if they think that the rising tide of medical costs can be stemmed for long without sacrificing some beneficial care. Elimination of waste from the medical system can achieve large savings. But these savings cannot offset for more than a few years the cost-increasing effects of new medical technology and an aging population. Comparing the American experience with the rationing of health care in Britain, these authors conclude that though the differences are substantial between the two countries, the United States may well need to apply similar constraints, and that Americans will no longer be willing to support a system of unlimited medical care. 相似文献
129.
Saul Lach 《The Journal of industrial economics》2002,50(4):369-390
In evaluating the effect of an R&D subsidy we need to know what the subsidized firm would have spent on R&D had it not received the subsidy. Using data on Israeli manufacturing firms in the 1990s we find evidence suggesting that the R&D subsidies granted by the Ministry of Industry and Trade greatly stimulated company financed R&D expenditures for small firms but had a negative effect on the R&D of large firms, although not statistically significant. One subsidized New Israeli Shekel (NIS) induces 11 additional NIS of own R&D for the small firms. However, because most subsidies go to the large firms a subsidy of one NIS generates, on average, a statistically insignificant 0.23 additional NIS of company financed R&D. 相似文献
130.
This paper is about a country which has enjoyed a comparative advantage in producing some good(s) and suddenly finds its trading partners increasing their productivity in producing precisely those same goods; e.g., the US with its big lead in many kinds of manufacturing production in the 1950s and 1960s, and the rest of the world catching up in the same kinds of goods in the 1970s and 1980s. This is what the paper means by “convergence.” We show that such convergence results in an absolute loss of real income and standard of living for the original “leader” country. 相似文献