Dynamic price planning in command systems: A partial equilibrium approach

Zusammenfassung Dynamische Preisplanung in Befehlswirtschaften: Eine partielle Gleichgewichtsbetrachtung. — In sozialistischen L?ndern waren vor den Reformen Preise von sekund?rer Bedeutung, da sie nur als Ersatz für die zwangsweise Lenkung der zentralisierten Verteilung der Ressourcen dienten. Die wirtschaftlichen Reformen der sechziger Jahre sind ein eindrucksvolles Zeichen für das sozialistische Eingest?ndnis der Unzul?nglichkeit der vorher bestchenden Preissysteme. Nach den Reformen in den sozialistischen L?ndern blieben die Preise der entscheidenden (?strukturbestimmenden?) Erzeugnisse im allgemeinen innerhalb der Jurisdiktion der Zentralbeh?rden, die auf diese Weise eine hinreichende Kontrolle über die Volkswirtschaft behielten. Abschnitt I und II der vorliegenden Abhandlung geben AufschluΒ darüber, in welche Richtung sozialistische Volkswirtschaften in bezug auf die Reform des Preissystems tendieren. Abschnitt III erl?utert einige der L?sungen, die von den sozialistischen L?ndern bereits gefunden wurden sowie einige, um die sie sich noch bemühen.

---

Résumé Planification dynamique des prix dans les systèmes autoritaires. Une étude de l’équilibre partiel. — Dans les pays socialistes avant les réformes, les prix étaient d’importance secondaire, puisqu’ils n’étaient que substitutifs aux commandements dirigistes de l’allocation centrale des ressources. Les réformes économiques à partir de 1960 révèlent d’une manière impressionnante l’admission socialiste de l’insuffisance du système des prix d’avant les réformes. Aprés les réformes dans les pays socialistes, les prix des produits les plus décisifs (?structuralement déterminants?) restaient en général dans la juridiction des autorités centrales, qui gardaient ainsi un contr?le suffisant de l’économie. Les sections I et II de cet article constatent dans quelle direction tendent les économies socialistes en ce qui regarde le problème des prix. La section III explique quelques unes des solutions de ce problème, que les pays socialistes ont déjà trouvées, ou qu’ils sont encore en train de chercher.

---

Resumen Planificación dinámica de precios en economías centralizadas: Un análisis de equilibrio parcial. — En las economías socialistas y antes de las reformas, los precios no tenían importancia primordial ya que sólo Servían como sustituto para el encauzamiento forzoso de los recursos en la distribución centralizada. Con las reformas económicas de los a~nos sesenta la deficiencia de este sistema de precios ha quedado demostrado contundentemente. Después de las reformas en los países socialistas los precios de productos esenciales (?determinantes de estructura?) premanecieron generalmente dentro de la jurisdicción de los organismos centrales, que de esta manera conservaron un control suficiente sobre la economía. Los dos primeros capítulos del presente artículo informan sobre las tendencias que caben esperar con respecto al problema de precios en las economias socialistas. En el tercer capítulo se explican algunas de las soluciones, a este problema, que los países ya han encontrado, y algunas otras soluciones que todavia buscan.

---

Riassunto Pianificazione dinamica dei prezzi in economie controllate: Una parziale considerazione di equilibrio. — Nei Paesi socialisti, prima delle riforme, i prezzi ebbero importanza secondaria, poiché servivano soltanto come surrogato per un pilotaggio forzato della distribuzione centralizzata delle risorse. Le riforme economiche degli anni sessanta sono un imponente segno dell’ammissione socialista dell’insufficienza dei sistemi dei prezzi che esistevano in precedenza. Dopo le riforme nei Paesi socialisti, i prezzi dei prodotti decisivi (?determinantistruttura?) rimasero in generale entro la giurisdizione delle autorità centrali che in questa maniera conservarono un sufficiente controllo sull’economia. I paragrafi I e II del presente articolo danno spiegazione intorno a ciò, in che direzione economie socialiste tendono in rapporto al sistema dei prezzi. Il III paragrafo commenta alcune delle soluzioni dei prezzi che furono già trovate dai Paesi socialisti, così come alcune altre per le quali i suddetti Paesi ancora s’ingegnano.

     

FORECASTING SAWNTIMBER CONSUMPTION: THE APPLICATION OF AN END-USE MODEL*

A multi-equation end-use model is used to analyse the consumption of sawn-timber in Australia. The forecasting ability of the model is evaluated. Simulations of the model are reported and implications for policy are discussed.     

Testing the social involvement model in an energy conservation context

This study tests Webster’s Social Involvement Model in the realm of energy conservation. An energy conservation index (ECI) is developed and serves as the dependent variable, while sociopsychological, attitudinal and demographic measures comprise the independent variables. Rather than being upscale and socially responsible, those scoring high on the ECI are socioeconomically down-scale.     

The ethics of sentencing white-collar criminals

The consistent sentencing of white collar criminals does not exist in today's judicial system. Guidelines for sentencing individuals and corporations have already been developed by the U.S. Sentencing Commission but have not yet been implemented in the courts. Pros and cons of the guidelines are given, as is the extent and form of sentencing deemed appropriate for the individual or corporation. The activities of the sentencing commission are depicted by a timeline. Phillip W. Balsmeier is a professor of Management at Nicholls State University in Thibodaux, LA. He has published in Industrial Managementand the Journal of Small Business Management.Jennifer Kelly is a Master of Business Administration student at Nicholls State University. She is a graduate assistant in the President's office at the University.     

PRICE EXPECTATIONS FORMATION AND REVISION IN THE NERLOVIAN FRAMEWORK WITH APPLICATION TO NIGERIAN FARMERS

This paper examines the possibility of endogenising the adaptive price expectations coefficient. The basic structural model, tested with data on area planted to Groundnuts in Nigeria from 1956 to 1987, is formulated and estimated as an extension of the variational parameter hypothesis.     

钱江源国家公园自然资源统一管理路径探索

《建立国家公园体制总体方案》中提出“国家公园内全民所有自然资源资产应该占主体地位”。由于土地权属复杂,自然资源统一管理成为我国国家公园体制试点建设的难点问题之一。钱江源国家公园在试点期间,通过探索和分析租赁、置换、合作等方式,对比国内外国家公园地役权制度优劣,构建了适合本地特点的集体林地地役权改革制度,即在不改变森林、林木、林地权属的基础上,通过一定的经济补偿,限制权属所有者的行为,将其使用权和管理权通过各项决议和合同形式授权给国家公园管理机构。通过集体林地地役权改革实现了对自然资源的统一管控,不仅解决了国家公园建设中集体林占比较高的难题,同时还带来了显著的生态效益、经济效益和社会效益,为集体土地占比较高的东部经济发达地区构建互促共赢的可持续发展模式提供了示范经验。     

Credit agency regulation and the impact of credit ratings in the international bond market

The use of credit ratings in financial and other legal documents — both in the USA and Europe —, has led to a situation in which the major rating agencies have become (largely unwilling) participants in the legislative process. This situation has become partly formalized in the US (and is being repeated elsewhere in the European Union, Eastern Europe and Latin America) through the creation of officially ‘recognized’ agencies whose ratings now carry the imprimatur of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate on the necessity for formal legal status to be sustained in the market for bond credit ratings. In this context, the criteria for a credible rating agency are examined and evidence is provided on one element of the criteria which is under-researched: namely, the impact of the ratings in the market place. The influence of rating agencies in international capital markets is assessed through an analysis of the impact of ratings on the yields of bonds, represented by a comprehensive sample of actively traded debt. The sample contains analysis of ratings introductions on both new and seasoned debt and also examines the impact of ratings revisions. It is concluded that official recognition has no market-based role and it is argued that ratings are used by regulators because of the success of the major agencies in performing their market function.     

宁波总部经济发展分析

总部经济是一种新兴的经济形态,本文总结分析了宁波市总部经济的发展状况。目前,宁波市已从自发逐步走上自觉阶段,经过政府引导、错位发展,形成了三大总部经济模式:楼宇商务总部、高新区科研型总部基地和度假区综合总部经济基地。经分析发现对"总部经济"还不够、配套设施不够齐全、高层人力资源过缺、商务成本过高等不足是制约宁波市总部经济发展的重要因素。并从政府层面、硬件配套设施、服务业与总部经济的互动及加强科研能力四个方面提出了针对性的建议。