Interpersonal similarity and knowledge sharing within multinational organizations

Previous research has established that interpersonal similarity can influence knowledge sharing in such a way that similar people are more likely to share knowledge than those who are dissimilar. We contribute to the literature by showing that in the MNC context, cultural and functional similarity can become more powerful sources of bias than more commonly assumed demographic characteristics such as gender or seniority. This may be driven by the salience of such boundaries in the MNC: while demographic characteristics are more broadly distributed, cultural and functional barriers create more defined and observable faultlines, often coinciding with unit boundaries. We further argue that it may not be similarity as such that matters but rather its positive impact on different dimensions of social capital, which mediate the relationship between similarity and knowledge sharing. These microfoundations of inter-unit knowledge exchange point to important theoretical and practical implications for international management.     

Testing structural equation models: the impact of error variances in the data generating process

Yet another paper on fit measures? To our knowledge, very few papers discuss how fit measures are affected by error variance in the Data Generating Process (DGP). The present paper deals with this. Based upon an extensive simulation study, this paper shows that the effects of increased error variance differ significantly for various fit measures. In addition to error variance the effects depend on sample size and severity of misspecification. The findings confirm the general notion that good fit as measured by the chi-square, RMSEA and GFI etc. does not necessarily mean that the model is correctly specified and reliable. One finding is that the chi square test may give support to misspecified models in situations with a high level of error variance in the DGP, for small sample sizes. Another finding is that the chi-square test looses power also for large sample sizes when the model is negligible misspecified. Other results include incremental fit indices as NFI and RFI which prove to be more informative indicators under these circumstances. At the end of the paper we formulate some guidelines for use of different fit measures.     

Creating and consuming experiences in retail store environments: Comparing retailer and consumer perspectives

This article investigates the substance of arguments about an experience-oriented economy and experience-seeking consumption in retailing. Employing a case study research approach (n=7) and the Critical Incident Technique (n=252), we show how retailers as well as consumers relate to in-store experiences. The results point out that retailers’ use ever more advanced techniques in order to create compelling in-store experiences to their consumers. In contrast, the depiction given by consumers reveals that their in-store experiences to a large extent are constituted by traditional values such as the behavior of the personnel, a satisfactory selection of products and a layout that facilitates the store visit.     

Balancing the trade-off between learning prospects and spillover risks: MNC subsidiaries’ vertical linkage patterns in developed countries

This paper investigates local vertical linkages of foreign subsidiaries and the dual role of such linkages as conduits for learning as well as potential channels for spillovers to competitors. On the basis of data from 97 subsidiaries, we analyze the quality of such linkages under varying levels of competition and subsidiary capabilities. Our theoretical development and the results from the analysis document a far more complex and dynamic relationship between levels of competition and MNCs’ local participation in knowledge intensive activities, i.e. learning and spillovers, than previous studies do. We find a curvilinear relationship between the extent of competitive pressure and the quality of local linkages confirming our argument of a trade-off between learning prospects and spillover risks. Furthermore, the level of subsidiary capabilities moderates this relationship.     

De skandinaviske Aktuarforeningers Virksomhed i 1925

Abstract

Statistical extreme value theory provides a flexible and theoretically well motivated approach to the study of large losses in insurance. We give a brief review of the modem version of this theory and a “step by step” example of how to use it in large claims insurance. The discussion is based on a detailed investigation of a wind storm insurance problem. New results include a simulation study of estimators in the peaks over thresholds method with Generalised Pareto excesses, a discussion of Pareto and lognormal modelling and of methods to detect trends. Further results concern the use of meteorological information in the wind storm insurance and, of course, the results of the study of the wind storm claims.     

Brand differentiation between identical products an analysis from a consumer law viewpoint

The article treats the situation in which one and the same firm within one country sells an identical product under different brand names. The major motive behind brand differentiation are presented, as well as the consumer difficulties. The position with regard to brand differentiation in the Paris Convention on Industrial Property and national trademark law is analyzed. The author finds that brand differentiation usually does not constitute a problem seen from the perspective of trademark law. The author then discusses brand differentiation as a problem of antitrust law and unfair marketing practices law. Here, Swedish law, especially the recent Alcro case on brand differentiation in the Swedish Market Court, is given major attention. The author finds a reasonable solution to be the demand ofinformation to consumers about the identity behind brand differentiation.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den verbraucherpolitischen und rechtlichen Problemen, die bei der Verwendung verschiedener Bezeichnungen durch denselben Hersteller für qualitätsgleiche Produkte auftauchen. Gründe und Gefahren dieser Art von Produktdifferenzierung werden herausgearbeitet. Aus verbraucherpolitischer Sicht werden Bedenken gegen Produktdifferenzierung insbesondere dann geäußert, wenn sie zur Preisüberhöhung eingesetzt wird.Aus rechtlicher Sicht hat die Produktdifferenzierung bislang wenig Beachtung gefunden. Die Pariser Verbandsübereinkunft über das gewerbliche Eigentum verbietet zwar die Verwendung täuschender Marken; auch dürfen sie nicht zum Zwecke unlauteren Wettbewerbs eingesetzt werden. Nach ganz überwiegender Meinung gehört hierzu die Produktdifferenzierung durch Verwendung unterschiedlicher Marken für gleiche Produkte jedoch nicht. Eine ähnliche Feststellung läßt sich für das Warenzeichenrecht machen. Das Warenzeichen erfüllt nur eine Herkunftsfunktion, nicht eine Qualitätsfunktion; der Verbraucher kann nicht darauf vertrauen, daß die mit einem Warenzeichen versehene Ware sich qualitätsmäßig von einer mit einem anderen Warenzeichen des gleichen Herstellers versehenen Ware unterscheide. Das Kartellrecht erfaßt die Produktdifferenzierung nur, wenn sie als Mittel der Wettbewerbsbeschränkung eingesetzt wird, etwa bei Marktaufspaltung innerhalb der EG oder beim selektiven Vertrieb. Die Lieferverweigerung einer berühmten Ware kann gegen das Kartellrecht verstoßen; dadurch wird mittelbar Versuchen einer Produktdifferenzierung durch unterschiedliche Belieferung der Vertriebswege ein Riegel vorgesetzt.Der Autor verknüpft das Problem dann mit dem schwedischen Marktpraktikengesetz. Dieses Gesetz sieht neben dem Verbot der Täuschung auch bestimmte Informationspflichten vor, die das herkömmliche Warenzeichenrecht überlagern. Im Alcro-Fall war der Schwedische Marktgerichtshof mit dem Problem der Produktdifferenzierung erstmals befaßt war aber in seiner Entscheidung gespalten. Die Entscheidung sowie die Gründe von Mehr- und Minderheit werden ausführlich erörtert. Außerdem wird auf einen neuen Fall hingewiesen, den Elektrolux-Fall. Der Autor sucht eine Lösung des Problems in der Statuierung vonInformationspflichten.

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This article is partially based on the article by Ulf Bernitz and Lars Pehrson (in Swedish): Problemet märkesdifferentiering (The problem of brand differentiation),NIR Nordiskt immateriellt rättsskydd, 1978, pp. 190–214 (with further references).