AGRICULTURE IN ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT THE COMPETITIVE APPROACH VERSUS SOVIET CONTROL

In an economy of full employment, economic growth largely occurs as a result of a transfer of resources from the agricultural to the industrial sector. Two different and opposing means of obtaining this transfer have been developed: the Soviet model, in which resources are shifted by command; and the competitive model, in which resources are shifted through the price mechanism. This study presents the two models in precise form and attempts to determine which is the most efficient in terms of encouraging long-run growth. Difficulties with data allow only a historical statistical comparison, but certain tentative conclusions can be drawn
Dans une économie de plain emploi, la croissance économique est largement at-tribuable au transferi de ressources du secteur agricole au secteur industriel. Deux méthodes différenles et opposées ont été développées pour oblenir ce transfer!: le modèle soviétique, où les ressources sont déplacées par ordre du gouvernemenl, el le modèle de concurrence, où les ressources sont déplacées par moyen de contrôle de prix. Celte étude précise ces deux modèles et cherche à déterminer quelle méthode est la plus efficace en ce qui concerne la croissance économique à long terme. Des difficultés avec les données ne permettent qu'une comparaison siatistique historique mais certaines conclusions tentatives sont quand meme possibles     

The Impact of Exchange Context on the Activation of Equity in Ultimatum Games

In this paper we report the results of additional exchange ultimatum game experiments conducted at the same time as the exchange ultimatum game experiments reported in Hoffman et al. (Games and Economic Behavior, 7(3), pp. 346–380, 1994). In these additional experiments, we use instructions to change an impersonal exchange situation to a personal exchange situation. To do this, we prompt sellers to consider what choices their buyers will make. Game theory would predict that thinking about the situation would lead sellers to make smaller offers to buyers. In contrast, we find a significant increase in seller offers to buyers. This result suggests that encouraging sellers to thinking about buyer choices focuses their attention on the strategic interaction with humans who think they way they do in personal exchange situations, and who may punish them for unacceptable behavior, and not on the logic of the game theoretic structure of the problem.     

The new urban landscape: Developers and edge cities

In this paper we model the decisions of an edge city developer who chooses business district capacity and location strategically to maximize profits. The developer competes against a core city with historically given downtown capacity for employment and, implicitly, residential population. Moving nearer the core city enhances production efficiency by increasing the efficiency of the exchange of information between businesses in the core and edge city. On the other hand, it increases typical residential rents and commuting costs (and hence wages demanded by employees) and weakens the developer's local monopsony power. The developer's choice of location and capacity play out in a complex but fascinating fashion, depending on the historical capacity of the downtown.     

A comparison of multifactor productivity calculations of the U.S. agricultural sector

Since the late 1970s, there have been fourteen studies that have estimated multifactor productivity (MFP) growth rates for the U.S. agricultural sector. The estimates of average annual MFP growth rates have ranged from 1.15 to 1.94 percent per year for studies using the gross productivity approach. The purpose of this paper is to identify the reasons for these different estimates. We consider theoretical and empirical factors and do not find any single reason that satisfactory explains the variation. The alternative estimates appear to be most sensitive to the coverage of years.     

Systems of cities in closed and open economies

This paper investigates the equilibrium properties of the system of cities in an economy. First, for a closed economy, the numbers of each type of city, their capital-to-labor ratios and their wages and costs of living, are solved for. Then the characteristics of international trade between open economies composed of systems of cities are examined, through an evaluation of standard trade theorems. This leads into topics in regional economics, such as migration and regional specialization.