城镇居民消费需求结构变化的线性分析

近年来，居民消费需求结构发生较大变化，该变化的政策含义包括：第一，应该重视对教育和医疗保健消费的引导和培养；第二，采取措施增加居民可支配收入；第三，提高社会保障水平，采取措施缩小收入分配差距，减少人们对未来收入和就业的不确定性等等。     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Notes and Comments:</Emphasis> Profitability in a multiple strategy market

The link between martingales and arbitrage is well-known in financial theory: arbitrage is not available if and only if there exists an equivalent measure such that the discounted prices are martingales with respect to this measure (MME). As a consequence, under MME, any previsible (non-anticipative) strategy cannot have secure (without risk) profit. Moreover, a careful reading of a bootstrap proof of the first fundamental theorem of asset pricing (see Schachermeier (1992)) underlines the fact that, if there is no possibility of arbitrage during any unit interval, then no arbitrage is allowed with any finite temporal horizon strategy. Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): Primary: 60G48; Secondary: 60G40, 60G07 Journal of Economic Literature Classification: C50, C72, D84     

Infection and immunization: A new class of evolutionary game dynamics

Building upon a central paradigm of evolutionary game theory, namely the invasion barrier, we propose the new Infection and Immunization Dynamics (InfImmDyn), modelling a plausible adaptation process in a large population. For general games, this yields a novel refinement of the Nash equilibrium concept based on dynamical arguments, close in spirit to Nash's original “mass action” idea in his Ph.D. thesis. For partnership games, InfImmDyn exhibits a better asymptotic behavior compared to other popular procedures like Fictitious Play and Replicator Dynamics. We establish even support separation of InfImmDyn in finite time, which can never be achieved by any interior-point method like those mentioned above. In fact, this property has not yet been established for any other evolutionary game dynamics.     

Mapping Corporate Responsibility and Sustainable Supply Chains: an Exploratory Perspective

Corporate responsibility (CR) in general, and sustainable supply chain management in particular, have been a growing concern for companies and researchers over the past decade. However, in scholarly work, sustainability has often been dealt with in a generic fashion or from an anecdotal point of view. Further, research works examining CR on the one hand and sustainable supply chains on the other have been conducted separately. We undertake the multiple factor analysis of a CR rating database (Innovest) which reports longitudinal scores for both the social and environmental performance of 1198 companies in different countries and distinct industries, to demonstrate a strong relationship between CR and a sustainable supply chain. Our findings from exploratory analysis also illustrate the role of country of origin and industry in shaping CR behaviour, highlighting isomorphic as well as allomorphic trends for CR trough time. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Can gender quotas break down negative stereotypes? Evidence from changes in electoral rules

In this paper, we analyze the effect of gender quotas on women's involvement in political activity by using a rich data set providing information on all Italian local administrators who were elected from 1985 to 2007. Gender quotas were introduced by law in Italy in 1993 and were in force until 1995. Because of the short period covered by the reform, some municipalities never voted under the gender quota regime. This allows us to identify a treatment and a control group and to estimate the effects of gender quotas by using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy. Our estimates show that women's representation in politics after the reform increased significantly more in municipalities that were affected by the reform than in municipalities that were not affected. This result also holds true if we exclude from our analysis elections which took place during the period in which the reform was in force. Moreover, the higher women's representation in “gender quota municipalities” is not related to the advantages that women who were elected during the reform have obtained from incumbency and does not seem to be driven by differences in temporal trends between Southern and Northern regions. These findings suggest that affirmative actions can be of use in breaking down stereotypes against women.     

Using AI Techniques in the Grocery Industry: Identifying the Customers Most Likely to Defect

The food retailing market has reached a mature stage where companies need to be competitive if they are to survive. Customers are ever more demanding and retailers need to design and introduce new ways of learning about their customers if they are to retain them (Leeflang & Van Raaij ). This article examines the efficiency of the LAMDA classifier (Learning Algorithm Machine for Data Analysis) (Aguado ; Aguado et al. ) in identifying customer's behaviour; specifically examining which customers are most likely to defect when a new retailer appears on the scene. The study carried out in this project is based on data gathered from a Spanish grocery chain: Supermercats Pujol, SA – ‘Plus Fresc’, winner of the 1998 Global Electronic Marketing Award, www.plusfresc.es     

Psychological profile of subjects facilitating responsible preventive behavior

In the tradition of the psychological investigation there are some antecedents dedicated to the evaluation of the dissonance between attitude and observable behaviour. Some works in ecology showed that only some subjects are able to maintain a favourable attitude towards the waste recycling and also to do it in an efficient form. The majority thinks that it is a good action but they do not exert it. From this concept, in this work we establish the idea of preventionist responsible behaviour to define those subjects that such cognitive dissonance does not exist and that they maintain favourable attitudes towards the prevention and at the same time they exert the behaviours derived from that attitude. We compare a group of preventionist workers with a control group with nonpreventionist behaviour in a series of psychological variables in order to establish a differential profile (case control study). Data were collected between October 2006 and January 2007. The results showed a clear profile in variables like control, neuroticism, monitoring rules, etc.     

Discontinuous stable games and efficient Nash equilibria

In the recent paper by the author [Scalzo, V., 2010. Pareto efficient Nash equilibria in discontinuous games. Economics Letters 107, 364-365], a class of discontinuous games where efficient Nash equilibria exist has been defined. In the present paper, we complete the previous investigation and recognize a class of discontinuous games where the efficient Nash equilibria are stable with respect to perturbations of the characteristics of players.     

Technology shocks, structural breaks and the effects on the business cycle

It is shown that time-series of US productivity and hours are apparently affected by a structural break in the late 60s. Moreover, the importance of technology shocks over the business cycle has sharply decreased after the break.