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81.
A. WILLIAM RICHARDSON 《Contemporary Accounting Research》1988,4(2):609-614
Abstract. Several points relating to the use of learning curves in management accounting are discussed and clarified. There is no underlying general theory that suggests that learning should follow a particular model in a particular situation. A number of more sophisticated models which are conceptually satisfying and have given good results in practice, but are not discussed in the management accounting literature, are briefly described. Some limitations on the methods suggested to identify the learning curve model and determine its parameters in a particular application are discussed. Some potential limitations in using derived models for estimation in practice are also presented. Résumé. L'auteur analyse et clarifie plusieurs points reliés à l'usage des courbes d'apprentissage en comptabilité de management. Aucune théorie générale sous-jacente ne suggère que l'apprentissage doive se conformer à un modèle particulier dans une situation particulière. L'auteur décrit brièvement des modèles plus raffinés, satisfaisants sur le plan conceptuel et ayant donné de bons résultats dans la pratique, mais que n'abordent pas les écrits en compatabilité de management. Il traite également de certaines des limitations des méthodes suggérées pour cerner le modèle de la courbe d'apprentissage et en déterminer les paramètres dans une application particulière. Enfin, il présente des limitations potentielles à l'usage de modèles dérivés aux fins d'estimation dans la pratique. 相似文献
82.
Many previous studies document a positive relation between research and development (R&D) and equity value. Though R&D can increase equity value by increasing firm value, it can also increase equity value at the expense of bondholder wealth through an increase in firm risk because equity is analogous to a call option on the underlying firm value. Shi [2003] tests this hypothesis by examining the relation between a firm's R&D intensity and its bond ratings and risk premiums at issuance. His results show that the net effect of R&D is negative for bondholders. We reexamine Shi's [2003] findings and in so doing make three contributions to the literature. First, we find that Shi's [2003] results are sensitive to the method of measuring R&D intensity. When we use what we argue is a better measure of R&D intensity, we find that the net effect of R&D is positive for bondholders. Second, when we use tests that Shi [2003] recognizes are even better than the ones that he uses, we find even stronger evidence of the positive effect of R&D on bondholders. Third, we examine cross‐sectional differences in the effect of R&D on debtholders. Consistent with our main finding, we document a negative relation between R&D increases and default risk. The default risk reduction is also more pronounced for firms with higher initial default scores (where the debtholders have more to gain from an R&D increase) and for firms with more bank debt (where the debtholders have greater covenant protection from the possible detriments associated with R&D increases). 相似文献
83.
WILLIAM J. HAUSMAN 《The Economic history review》1987,40(4):588-596
As to coal, the normal price of its shipment is unfortunately lost among the general expenses of coal trading … 2 2 Davis, English shipping industry, p. 392.
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84.
ELENA ASPAROUHOVA PETER BOSSAERTS NILANJAN ROY WILLIAM ZAME 《The Journal of Finance》2016,71(6):2727-2780
We study the Lucas asset pricing model in a controlled setting. Participants trade two long‐lived securities in a continuous open‐book system. The experimental design emulates the stationary, infinite‐horizon setting of the model and incentivizes participants to smooth consumption across periods. Consistent with the model, prices align with consumption betas and comove with aggregate dividends, particularly so when risk premia are higher. Trading significantly increases consumption smoothing compared to autarky. Nevertheless, as in field markets, prices are excessively volatile. The noise corrupts traditional generalized method of moment tests. Choices display substantial heterogeneity, with no subject representative for pricing. 相似文献
85.
WILLIAM D. McINTOSH BRANDON SCHMEICHEL 《Leisure Sciences: An Interdisciplinary Journal》2013,35(1):85-97
Collecting is a pervasive behavior in our culture, yet it has received little attention in the psychological literature. We examine eight aspects of the collecting process, drawing on existing ideas and research in social psychology as well as existing research on collectors and collecting to describe the motivations that underlie collecting behavior. We suggest that collectors are drawn to collecting as a means of bolstering the self by setting up goals that are tangible and attainable and provide the collector with concrete feedback of progress. 相似文献
86.
87.
WILLIAM B. WALSTAD KEN REBECK RICHARD A. MacDONALD 《The Journal of consumer affairs》2010,44(2):336-357
This study investigated the effects of a financial education program on high school students' knowledge of personal finance. A comparison of pretest and posttest scores achieved on a reliable and valid thirty-item instrument suggested that the Financing Your Future curriculum increased financial knowledge across many concepts. The scores increased regardless of the course in which the curriculum was used and across student characteristics. The assessment contributes to the growing literature showing that a well-specified and properly implemented program in financial education can positively and significantly influence the financial knowledge of high school students. 相似文献
88.
The proportion of US families that are unbanked (i.e., have no type of checking or savings account) has steadily declined for more than two decades. Nonetheless, more than nine million families still do not participate in the financial mainstream, and roughly half these unbanked families previously held a traditional bank account. This study uses the 2004 longitudinal Survey of Income Program Participation to examine the dynamic process within which changes in families' circumstances contribute to their becoming unbanked. Our findings suggest that families are significantly more likely to become unbanked when there is a decline in family income, loss of employment, or loss of health insurance coverage. Race and ethnicity, level of education or family income, and marital or housing status are also important determinants of whether families participate in the financial mainstream or not. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis of the dynamic process by which families change bank status. 相似文献
89.
90.
STEPHEN BROWN WILLIAM GOETZMANN BING LIANG CHRISTOPHER SCHWARZ 《The Journal of Finance》2008,63(6):2785-2815
Mandatory disclosure is a regulatory tool intended to allow market participants to assess operational risk. We examine the value of disclosure through the controversial SEC requirement, since overturned, which required major hedge funds to register as investment advisors and file Form ADV disclosures. Leverage and ownership structures suggest that lenders and equity investors were already aware of operational risk. However, operational risk does not mediate flow‐performance relationships. Investors either lack this information or regard it as immaterial. These findings suggest that regulators should account for the endogenous production of information and the marginal benefit of disclosure to different investment clienteles. 相似文献