Gaze behaviour,body image in women and online apparel shopping

Online apparel shopping is popular among women, with possible negative body image consequences, particularly when the website imagery is body-focused. We investigated both correlational and experimental effects of online apparel shopping on women's (N = 113) explicitly and implicitly measured self-worth, appearance attitudes and body gaze behaviour. Self-reported online apparel shopping behaviour positively correlated with self-objectification and a tendency to value and compare one's appearance. Following a simulated online shopping activity, women who browsed a body-focused activewear website felt worse about their looks, when compared with women who browsed a non-body-focused casualwear website. The activewear condition also primed lower subsequent visual attention towards female bodies in a gaze task, when compared with the casualwear condition. Given that women tend to naturally gaze at faces, the deprivation of facial stimuli in the activewear condition presumably led to a compensatory gaze effect, whereby subsequent attention towards bodies was comparably low. Importantly, dollars spent in the activewear condition correlated positively with appearance comparison and body shame attitudes. These results suggest that online apparel imagery exposure may negatively impact women's well-being. We also find evidence suggesting that gaze behaviour plays a role in how apparel marketing influences subsequent attention.     

Did it pay to be a pioneer? Wealth accumulation in a newly settled frontier society

European settler colonies are often thought to have been characterised by a continued expansion of the landed frontier, which impacted the distribution of wealth across their settler populations. Hampered by a lack of data, few studies have been able to study this in depth. How does settlement timing affect wealth and wealth accumulation when frontier expansion is not a smooth, continuous process? Was it the case that pioneers reaped greater economic benefits from locating their farms on superior land, or would they be disadvantaged compared with later arrivals owing to limited infrastructure or greater risk of conflict with indigenous populations? In this paper, we use a unique dataset that allows us to analyse the link between time of arrival and wealth accumulation in a colonial agrarian frontier society: the Graaff-Reinet district in South Africa's Cape Colony between 1786 and 1850. We find that those who arrived early located their farms in the more climatologically suitable areas of the district and utilised their superior lands to accumulate wealth more quickly than latecomers. However, owing to institutional changes that favoured later British arrivals, we also show that the existence of an early-arrival premium did not mean persistence in land ownership.     

考虑技术进步和结构变化的宏观能源回弹效应估算

考虑到技术进步和结构变化引致的宏观能源回弹效应影响广泛但相关研究不足，本文使用多部门增长核算法和LMDI指数分解法，分别对技术进步和结构变化引致的能源回弹效应构建估算模型，进而估算我国2005年—2019年含6个细分部门的整体经济和含18个细分部门的工业能源回弹效应。研究显示，在整体经济和工业层面，技术进步引致的能源回弹效应在研究期内一直存在，结构变化引致的能源回弹效应仅在部分年份存在。近年来，工业结构变化呈现如下趋势：即仅促进了经济增长却没有促进能耗强度下降。本文的研究可为进一步完善能源效率政策提供重要参考。     

碳达峰碳中和的区域协调:实证与路径

本文以中国碳排放（CO₂）数据库为依托,对省级CO₂排放的趋势和碳达峰、碳中和的区域协调路径进行了研究。研究表明,中国各省（自治区、直辖市）的经济发展与CO₂排放之间呈现明显的倒"U"型关系,产业结构是决定碳排放的核心因素,人均GDP和人口密度会对碳达峰目标的实现产生影响。省际异质性研究发现,以北京和上海为代表的高新技术产业主导型省份,其EKC曲线呈现标准两阶段倒"U"型特征,以河南和湖南为代表的轻工业主导型省份,其EKC曲线呈现第一阶段上升、后两阶段下降的三阶段不规则倒"U"型特征;以河北和内蒙古为代表的重工业主导型省份,碳排放在经历了两阶段的增加之后,才迎来下降期,该类省份的节能减排工作是中国碳达峰和碳中和目标实现的关键。因此,中国"双碳"目标的具体实施需要充分考虑区域发展的异质性和区域碳减排的协调性。     

How to eliminate the uncovered market: A duopoly model with government intervention

To eliminate poverty, government intervention is critical for addressing uncovered markets. To assess how this can be done effectively, this study constructs a two-firm model with government intervention. The study focuses on the preconditions, methods, and effects of different government intervention strategies. There are three main findings. (1) When consumer income levels fall below a certain threshold, an uncovered market segment is created, and government intervention should be introduced. (2) Government intervention strategies can be divided into subsidy-type, production-type and mixed-type, and each type achieves a different level of consumer surplus. Given a level of consumer surplus, the optimal strategy is affected by production costs. (3) For production-type and mixed-type intervention strategies, when the market is covered, lower intervention costs can achieve higher consumer surplus if government production costs are low. Furthermore, the optimal subsidy-type intervention strategy varies with the changes in product quality if relaxing the precondition of market coverage.     

员工地位竞争动机、知识分享行为与创新绩效——基于嵌入性悖论视角

组织中个体创新常常面临嵌入性悖论。相对于传统地位竞争的反功能视角，人们日益认识到地位竞争尤其是威望型地位竞争，可以为个体提供创新资源和动力。有效化解这一悖论，关键在于明晰何种类型的地位竞争以及何种程度的嵌入性可以促进个体创新。对一家大型多业务单元传媒集团227名员工进行实证调查，分析结果表明：威望型地位竞争可以通过促进个体知识分享行为提升个体创新绩效；非正式地位较低的个体更有可能具有威望型地位竞争动机；正式地位与非正式地位对个体地位竞争动机有交互影响，处于高正式地位的成员如果在非正式网络中处于边缘位置，则更可能在地位竞争中表现出威望型地位竞争动机。     

China in the Global Response to Climate Change

China has a huge national interest in the success of the international effort to hold human-induced increases in temperature to 1.5 degrees – and therefore in global net emissions falling to net zero by 2050. China is essential to the success of the global effort – as a supplier of competitively priced equipment for the zero emissions world economy and as the world's largest current source of greenhouse gas emissions. Success is more likely for China and the world with international specialization in goods production for the zero emissions economy. This will require open international trade, with China supplying equipment and drawing zero emissions semi-processed goods from abroad. Success is more likely and will be achieved at a lower cost if there is close cooperation across national boundaries.     

The Economic Consequences of Mr Trump and Mr Biden

Max Corden and Ross Garnaut published ‘The Economic Consequences of Mr Trump’ in this journal in 2018. This paper examines what has transpired in the US economy against that article. It notes continuity in budget and trade policy from the Trump Presidency to the Biden Presidency. The continuity in macro-fiscal and trade policies is accompanied by a significant departure in the focus of fiscal expansion: Mr Biden's strong support for decarbonisation. The article applies Max Corden's approach to international economics to the question: should Australia emulate Mr Biden's combination of budget, protection and decarbonisation policies?