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231.
Fangjun Wang Shuolei Xu Junqin Sun Charles P. Cullinan 《Journal of economic surveys》2020,34(4):793-811
Tax avoidance can range from reduction of the corporate tax burden by legitimate use of tax rules to violation of tax laws. In this paper, we endeavor to synthesize the major findings of tax avoidance research from the accounting and finance literatures over the past ten years. We consider theoretical developments and the related empirical findings about the interconnected issues of measuring tax avoidance, and the possible causes and outcomes of corporate tax avoidance. We present some ideas for further research to examine underexplored topics regarding tax avoidance. 相似文献
232.
In the literature on monetary economics, there is the ‘inflationary bias’ result which predicts that the rate of inflation will be biased towards a higher level under discretionary monetary policy than under a rule‐based policy regime. It is established that a credible nominal target can eliminate this ‘inflationary bias’. In this paper, we examine the case of nominal GDP targeting, which is a rule‐based monetary regime. Depending on the degree of conservativeness by the central bank, we show in a stylized model the choice of different combination of inflation and real GDP targets can still result in an ‘inflationary bias’, and there also exists the possibility of a ‘dis‐inflationary bias’. 相似文献
233.
We infer the latent social networks of investors using data on their stock holdings. We map linkages to portfolio weights using a portfolio-choice model. The precision of an investor’s private signal about firm value is assumed to increase with his connections in the city where the firm is headquartered. Using money-manager data, we find that managerial linkages to a city are overly dispersed relative to the Erdös–Rényi model of i.i.d. connections. Managers at the tail of this distribution with non-i.i.d. linkages have more university alumni in that city. Their stock holdings there outperform their holdings in other cities. 相似文献
234.
Mengyi Xu Michael Sherris Ramona Meyricke 《North American actuarial journal : NAAJ》2019,23(2):197-219
Providers of life annuities and pensions need to consider both systematic mortality improvement trends and mortality heterogeneity. Although how mortality improvement varies with age and gender at the population level is well studied, how trends vary with risk factors remains relatively unexplored. This article assesses how systematic mortality improvement trends vary with individual risk characteristics using individual-level longitudinal data from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study between 1994 and 2009. Initially a Lee-Carter model is used to assess mortality improvement trends by grouping individuals with similar risk characteristics of gender, education, and race. We then fit a longitudinal mortality model to individual-level data allowing for heterogeneity and time trends in individual-level risk factors. Our results show how survey data can provide valuable insights into both mortality heterogeneity and improvement trends more effectively than commonly used aggregate models. We show how mortality improvement differs across individuals with different risk factors. Significantly, at an individual level, mortality improvement trends have been driven by changes in health history such as high blood pressure, cancer, and heart problems rather than risk factors such as education, marital status, body mass index, and smoker status. 相似文献
235.
236.
廖旭 《河南金融管理干部学院学报》2015,33(3)
建立普惠金融征信体系,出发点和落脚点在于提高征信信息的覆盖面.现阶段,征信体系建设路径应以政府推动、市场化主导的模式,构建以央行征信系统为主、商业征信机构为补充的多层次征信体系. 相似文献
237.
238.
Bernard, He, Yan, and Zhou (Mathematical Finance, 25(1), 154–186) studied an optimal insurance design problem where an individual's preference is of the rank‐dependent utility (RDU) type, and show that in general an optimal contract covers both large and small losses. However, their results suffer from the unrealistic assumption that the random loss has no atom, as well as a problem of moral hazard that provides incentives for the insured to falsely report the actual loss. This paper addresses these setbacks by removing the nonatomic assumption, and by exogenously imposing the “incentive compatibility” constraint that both indemnity function and insured's retention function are increasing with respect to the loss. We characterize the optimal solutions via calculus of variations, and then apply the result to obtain explicitly expressed contracts for problems with Yaari's dual criterion and general RDU. Finally, we use numerical examples to compare the results between ours and Bernard et al. 相似文献
239.
Asset specificity, the redeployability of an asset to alternative uses, is a key determinant of an asset's resale value. Asset specificity has a direct impact on a firm's ongoing fair value determination, bankruptcy risk, liquidation value, and abandonment option. We document a significant negative association between asset specificity and conditional conservatism. Further tests reveal that this inverse relation manifests as bad news being less quickly incorporated in earnings as asset specificity increases. We find no difference in the extent to which good news is delayed in earnings for firms conditional on asset specificity. In addition, the documented association is stronger when asset specificity arises from lower within‐industry acquisition activity. The association is also more pronounced for firms that are in less competitive industries, have institutional investors, have limited access to the public debt market, and/or have more unsecured debt. Our findings are noteworthy for regulators and researchers given the recent interest in the determinants of conservatism. 相似文献
240.
新冠疫情全球蔓延对需求端与供给端都造成巨大的冲击,评估此次疫情对我国就业的影响及机制分析变得重要.基于统计比较和使用DID模型,我们研究表明:(1)新冠疫情爆发前,我国总体失业率基本稳定,地区间失业差异趋于缩小;2020年疫情爆发后,我国城镇调查失业率出现明显上升,但其影响在下半年趋于缓解.(2)新冠疫情全球蔓延对我国就业市场产生显著不利的冲击,但对我国31个大城市就业的不利冲击要相对小于总体城镇.新冠疫情导致我国城镇调查失业率总体上升0.31个百分点,导致全国31个大城市调查失业率总体上升0.218个百分点.新冠疫情爆发4个月后我国就业受到的不利影响开始减小.(3)新冠疫情对我国制造业和服务业的经济活动均造成不利冲击,进而对我国就业造成显著不利的影响,且对我国服务业经济活动产生的不利冲击更大.据此,需要严格防控国内疫情反弹,提升一流的营商环境,对受疫情不利影响的企业和劳动者提供优惠政策支持,出台人力资本政策支持建立国家高端人力资本储备池,拓展数字贸易、数字平台等就业创业. 相似文献