New ways of achieving debt sustainability beyond the enhanced HIPC Initiative

In 1996 the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative was launched by the Bretton Woods institutions to reduce the external debt burden of low-income countries (LICs) to sustainable levels in a reasonably short period of time because debt constitutes an obstacle to sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction. In some HIPCs, however, debt sustainability has been in danger despite debt relief under the HIPC Initiative. Debt relief is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for development. It can do no more than play a catalytic role. The question, then, is how to achieve debt sustainability beyond the HIPC Initiative.     

An empirical analysis of the relationship between the hedge ratio and hedging horizon: A simultaneous estimation of the short‐ and long‐run hedge ratios

This article analyzes the effects of the length of hedging horizon on the optimal hedge ratio and hedging effectiveness using 9 different hedging horizons and 25 different commodities. We discuss the concept of short‐ and long‐run hedge ratios and propose a technique to simultaneously estimate them. The empirical results indicate that the short‐run hedge ratios are significantly less than 1 and increase with the length of hedging horizon. We also find that hedging effectiveness increases with the length of hedging horizon. However, the long‐run hedge ratio is found to be close to the naïve hedge ratio of unity. This implies that, if the hedging horizon is long, then the naïve hedge ratio is close to the optimum hedge ratio. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 24:359–386, 2004     

QUADRATIC TERM STRUCTURE MODELS FOR RISK-FREE AND DEFAULTABLE RATES

In this paper, quadratic term structure models (QTSMs) are analyzed and characterized in a general Markovian setting. The primary motivation for this work is to find a useful extension of the traditional QTSM, which is based on an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck (OU) state process, while maintaining the analytical tractability of the model. To accomplish this, the class of quadratic processes, consisting of those Markov state processes that yield QTSM, is introduced. The main result states that OU processes are the only conservative quadratic processes. In general, however, a quadratic potential can be added to allow QTSMs to model default risk. It is further shown that the exponent functions that are inherent in the definition of the quadratic property can be determined by a system of Riccati equations with a unique admissible parameter set. The implications of these results for modeling the term structure of risk-free and defaultable rates are discussed.     

迷上酒吧的理由

有人比喻酒吧是水泥城市的天窗，“人们迫不及待地探出头，试图逃脱逼仄的空间，哪怕得到片刻的欢娱。”而在成都，在迷上——一个酒吧，富有想象力的名字将欢娱变成了前戏：人们夜夜笙歌，长久缠绵悱恻。[编者按]     

双旋Y切石英振子厚度模式的频温特性的研究

本文利用描述固体中弹性声波的克里斯托费尔方程,建立了双旋Y切石英振子厚度模式的频温特性分析方法,并编制了相应的计算机程序。该程序可给出双旋Y切石英振子在任意切角(ф_3ф_1)下的厚度模(a、b、c模)的频率温度特性曲线。文中给出了单旋AT切、BT切(b模)、双旋SC切(b、c模)、FC切、IT切、LC切、NL_1切、NL_2切、AK切等各已知切型的频温特性曲线。对石英谐振器的切角灵敏度和切角误差进行了分析。     

外贸服务公司如何开展质量管理体系审核

旧版（９４版）IS０９００１标准采用的结构是供方产品质量环形成的２０个要素的编排方式，强调体系要素对应的符合性。服务业实施此标准，对某些要素不好把握。２０００版IS０９００１标准以“过程方式”为基础构架了质量管理体系，引导组织以满足顾客要求和符合法律法规为基本出发点，把PDCA循环融入每一个过程的管理之中，适合了服务业产品／服务的提供过程。我国在加入WTO三年后，外贸将放开经营，实施登记许可制度。因此随着外贸垄断格局的进一步打破，专业外贸公司在融资能力、专业人才等方面的优势不复存在。上述的外因、内因使…