科学学习和经验学习:概念、特征及理论意义

基于国内外相关研究,系统阐述并比较了科学学习和经验学习两种学习模式的概念起源、内涵、特征及其理论意义,分析两种学习模式与技术创新绩效的关系,并通过案例研究描述了企业的STI学习行为和DUI学习行为。     

浅析交易性金融资产与可供出售金融资产的会计处理

现行企业会计准则将金融资产进行了严格的分类,并对各类金融资产的确认、计量进行了明确规定。交易性金融资产与可供出售金融资产的会计处理有类似之处,但也有不同。本文通过实例对二者的会计处理进行浅析。     

美国对华贸易政策最新发展动向

2006年2月14日,就在西方“情人节”的当天,美国贸易代表办公室(USTR)发表了一份长达29页名为《中美贸易关系:进入更大责任和执法新阶段》的报告。这是自2001年中国加入WTO以来美国就对华贸易发表的第一份全面评估报告,因而引起了国内外舆论的广泛关注。从中,我们可以窥探出美国对华贸易政策的最新发展动向。1美国对华贸易政策的基点:中美贸易关系进入第三阶段二战以来,美国贸易政策一直坚持两个核心原则:①促进建立一个更加开放,以规则为基的国际贸易体制;②在更开放的全球市场中为美国人民寻求经济利益。其贸易政策着重致力于通过在本国…     

Is the Income Elasticity of the Willingness to Pay for Pollution Control Constant?

How willingness to pay for environmental quality changes as incomes rise is a central question in several areas of environmental economics. This paper explores both theoretically and empirically whether or not the willingness to pay (WTP) for pollution control varies with income. Our model indicates that the income elasticity of the marginal WTP for pollution reduction is only constant under very restrictive conditions. Our empirical analysis tests the null hypothesis that the elasticity of the WTP for pollution control with respect to income is constant, employing a multi-country contingent valuation study of eutrophication reduction in the Baltic Sea. Our findings reject this hypothesis, and estimate an income elasticity of the WTP for eutrophication control of 0.1–0.2 for low-income respondents and 0.6–0.7 for high-income respondents. Thus, our empirical results suggest that the elasticity is not constant but is always less than one. This has implications for how benefits transfer exercises, and for theoretical explanations of the environmental Kuznets curve.     

现代包装设计标识及其应用技术(二)

二、商品商标的定位与设计1、商标定位商标向消费者表明,商品自身的标识是商品的“身份证”。商标牌名是商品质量的保证,无论是新产品或是人们已熟知的商品,商标牌名的定位都是很重要的。因此,在设计中要考虑以下三个方面:◎色彩选定一种或几种组合使用的颜色来表现公司形象,使     

Household responsibility system and China's agricultural Growth revisited: Addressing endogenous institutional change

The rise of the Household Responsibility System has been widely viewed as a significant contribution to China's agricultural growth. However, this empirical conclusion is rested upon a convenient but doubtful presumption that the process of institutional change, also known as decollectivization, is exogenous. We contribute to this literature by explicitly recognizing the endogeneity of institutional changes, and exploit exogenous variations in lagged weather shocks and initial fixed assets for consistent estimation. With improved data on irrigation, mechanization, weather and institutional changes in a provincial panel data during 1970–1987, the results of panel instrumental estimations reveal that the Household Responsibility System had a significantly positive effect on China's agricultural growth, which was larger than indicated by OLS estimates that suffer from adverse selection and attenuation biases.     

任务驱动法在中职跨境电子商务教学中的应用

任务驱动法对于中职学生们来说,具有极大的推动作用。中职学校对于当代社会发展来说,具有极大的促进作用,也在社会上有极大的影响力,为国家培养无数的人才和后备力量。商务教学在社会发展的潮流中逐渐进入发展阶段,所以,结合任务驱动法,应用中职商务教学模式,实现跨境电子商务教学,是时代发展的趋势。     

Controlling Episodic Air Pollution with a Seasonal Gas Tax: The Case of Cache Valley,Utah

Using daily data spanning 10 years, we establish a statistical relationship between episodic particulate-matter \((\hbox {PM}_{2.5})\) concentrations and vehicle trips in Cache Valley, Utah, and estimate an average gas-price elasticity for the region. We also estimate the benefits and costs associated with a seasonal gas tax set to reduce vehicle trips during the winter-inversion season and thereby lower health costs through concomitant decreases in the \(\hbox {PM}_{2.5}\) concentrations. We find a strong positive relationship between vehicle trips reduced and associated reductions in \(\hbox {PM}_{2.5}\) concentrations. Further, we estimate a mean gas price elasticity of approximately \(-\)0.3 in what we call a “high price variability environment.” Incorporating these results, cost-benefit analysis suggests that the social net benefit for Cache Valley associated with the imposition of a seasonal gas tax during the winter-inversion season is highly dependent upon the type of benefit estimation method used.     

Turning the page? EU fiscal consolidation in the wake of the crisis

The fiscal cost of the financial and economic crisis in Europe is huge. The paper provides provisional estimates of this cost and looks at its implications for the sustainability of public finances, taking into account also the impact of aging populations. The historical experience suggests that economic growth is persistently lowered in the aftermath of financial crisis, making fiscal consolidation more difficult yet all the more essential. Meanwhile the timing of the exit from fiscal stimulus and subsequent fiscal consolidation must reconcile sustainability and stabilisation goals—a delicate balancing act. The paper will argue in favour of structural reform to boost the economic growth potential alongside fiscal consolidation. The fiscal coordination framework in the EU, together with the Europe 2020 strategy, is seen to underpin this approach.     

Specialists and citizens all: A reply to Boettke,Koppl, and Holcombe

Peter Boettke (2007) argues that economists need not act pluralistically in order for pluralism to thrive in the marketplace of economic ideas. From a market process perspective, Boettke sees intellectual diversity and openness as catallactic outputs, not inputs—emergent by-products of academic specialization and trade. To expect individual scholars to behave in a pluralistic manner is unnecessary and “completely inappropriate” since it detracts from their central task: “to commit themselves to an approach and pursue it doggedly, even in the face of great doubt and resistance by one’s peers” (Boettke 2007). This paper proposes a Smithian revision of Boettke’s position. The author argues that scholarly pluralism is best understood as a constitutional rule of academic life—a virtue ethic that promotes learning and intellectual freedom by mitigating tyranny and autarky in the republic of science. Drawing from the writings of Adam Smith, Friedrich Hayek, Deirdre McCloskey, Bruce Caldwell, James Buchanan, Don Lavoie, and Boettke himself, the author argues that scholarly pluralism has been, and continues to be, a necessary condition for the flourishing of Austrian economists as free, responsible, efficacious thinkers.