IDENTIFYING THE LINDAHL EQUILIBRIUM WITHOUT TRANSFERS AS A SOCIAL OPTIMUM

The Lindahl equilibrium is an important solution concept in economies with externalities or public goods. In this paper, a ‘Negishi‐type’ theorem that connects the Lindahl equilibrium without transfers with the social optimum solution is proposed and proved. The theorem states that the solution of a social planner's problem with the social welfare weights proportional to the inverse of the private shadow prices of externalities in an auxiliary Nash equilibrium is the Lindahl equilibrium without transfers. To verify the theorem constructively, an algorithm for finding the Lindahl equilibrium is developed. Its efficacy is demonstrated through a numerical example.     

Relative importance and combined effects of attributes on customer satisfaction

Customer satisfaction with a service experience is often determined by several critical attributes. Prior studies have suggested that food, physical environment, and employee service impose an important effect on diners' satisfaction with restaurant services. Although much research has looked at the direct effect of these attributes individually, little is known about them when they are considered together. This study investigates the relative importance and combined effects of the determinants of customer satisfaction in China's hospitality industry. The results show that food taste, employee service, and physical environment (in that order) all significantly contribute to diners' satisfaction, and that one attribute may substitute for another attribute in the satisfaction formation process. Generally, humanic attributes (employee service) can effectively substitute for less humanic attributes (physical environment).     

Why is Price Dispersion Higher Online than Offline? The Impact of Retailer Type and Shopping Risk on Price Dispersion

When physically similar products, of similar quality, are offered by retailers both online and offline, we often observe that the dispersion in prices of these products online is greater than the price dispersion offline. This observation runs counter to early theories that suggested price dispersion online would be smaller than that offline due to the ease of search and information availability online. This paper investigates and provides an explanation for this puzzling phenomenon by examining the impact of two important drivers of price dispersion: retailer type and consumers’ shopping risk. Retailer type refers to whether a retailer is a pure offline, pure online, or dual channel retailer. Shopping risk is defined as the product of consumers’ perceived risk of shopping and the transaction uncertainty related to shopping at different types of retailers.A game-theoretic approach is adopted to model consumers’ price search and product purchase, as well as price competition within and across retailer types in online and offline markets. Equilibrium pricing strategies are derived for different retailer types competing for different consumer segments with different levels of perceived shopping risk. The impact of retailer type and shopping risk on online versus offline price dispersion are quantified, and conditions when price dispersion is greater online than offline are identified.Results indicate that price dispersion is greater online when the number of pure online retailers is sufficiently large and is increasing in the number of pure online retailers. In addition, a reduction in online shopping risk may actually increase online price dispersion. Results further suggest that even without any online sales, dual channel retailers should maintain their online presence for the purpose of information dissemination, which justifies the importance for pure offline retailer to incorporate webrooming strategies, where consumers can search for prices online but purchase offline.     

全球价值链背景下产业集群租金及经济效应分析

在全球价值链背景下,产业集群竞争优势起源于生产要素对“集群租金”的追逐,租金的丧失将导致集群的衰亡。随着集群网络体系的不断完善,全球价值链的生成,基于链内单个行为主体的租金向链内关系租金与网络租金,再由关系与网络租金向嵌入于全球价值链租金演变,产业集群发展模式相应从非正式、封闭型向网络化、创新型,再由网络化向嵌入全球价值链演进。集群的协作关系有利于降低市场交易成本,随着交易成本的节约,产业集群就会产生专用性资产共享与互补、知识外溢、规模经济等一系列的协同效应。     

从主权债务危机看欧洲一体化的两大缺陷——兼论对东亚一体化的启示

结合欧盟统计局以及欧洲央行2010和2011年公布的最新数据,分别从财政赤字、公共债务、失业率和通胀率等几个主要宏观经济指标出发,分析了欧洲主权债务危机的最新进展。研究表明,此次欧洲主权债务危机的爆发与欧洲一体化进程的缺陷密不可分。这种缺陷集中表现为欧盟发展至今的数次扩大,越来越凸显一体化扩张过快问题,以致现有成员经济发展水平差距较大,当遭遇不对称冲击时,难免使一体化陷入两难境地,也使得危机应对措施的效力大打折扣;同时,欧盟在推进货币一体化过程中,忽视了成员国之间的财政合作问题,财政一体化的缺失导致债务危机在所难免。     

高新技术企业自主创新与金融支持效率——基于广东的数据分析

通过建立高新技术企业自主创新影响因素的模型测算金融支持对广东高新技术企业自主创新的作用力度,并结合商业银行贷款的贡献率及存贷比状况对金融支持高新技术企业科技自主创新的效率进行实证研究,结果表明整体上看广东省金融运行活动对该类企业自主创新的支持力度不够,且效率偏低,各地区之间存在企业自主创新能力及金融支持效率的区域性差异。因此,应实施税收优惠和探索多元化风险分担机制来引导商业银行加大对企业创新贷款支持的力度,拓宽直接融资渠道,并针对区域特点制定相应的金融支持政策,这是进一步提升中国金融支持企业自主创新效率的有效途径。     

Transfers and the Samuelson Rule in Stock Externality Provision—Why Do We Need Them Both?

This paper examines the relationship between the Samuelson rule for efficient provision of stock externality and unilateral transfers for equalization of mitigation costs among the agents. Using a generic model of stock externality provisions, we proved that the revised Samuelson rule that allows transfers is a necessary and sufficient condition for efficient provision of stock externalities. In addition, selection of social welfare weights of the agents plays a key role in directions and magnitudes of the transfers. We discuss the implications of the revised Samuelson rule in economic modeling of climate change, an empirical case of stock externality, through numerical simulations in the RICE model.     

水利工程对生态环境的影响及解决对策的分析

本文主要针对水利工程对我国生态环境的影响进行了分析研究,同时,也提出了一些相应的解决措施,以供参考。随着我国经济的发展和科学技术的进步,水利工程在防洪、发电、灌溉、航运等方面发挥了巨大的社会与经济效应,对促进经济的发展起了重要的作用。但是,水利工程对社会经济和生态环境的影响正在引起人们的高度重视,尤其是在水利工程建设的过程中,它往往破坏大量的生态环境导致生态环境平衡。因此,衡量一个水利工程的成败不仅要看它的工程技术解决的如何合理,还要看它在建设中对环境的影响是否得要重视和有具体的、完善的解决措施。     

尼龙阀芯单向阀替代不锈钢锥阀芯单向阀可行性分析

本文从市场应用、成本、可靠性等多方面分析了尼龙阀芯PA66单向阀替代不锈钢锥单向阀的可能性,通过和市场上常见的几种阀芯在不同冷媒中的浸泡试验以及长期运行试验等得出结论,尼龙阀芯单向阀在在R410a新冷媒中性能稳定,存在较大成本优势,可以替代加工工艺复杂且成本较高的不锈钢锥单向阀。     

DLZ-200型等离子燃烧器的使用和维护

本论文概述了华电漯河发电有限公司DLZ-200型等离子煤粉点火燃烧器的特点及原理,操作使用方法和日常出现故障的原因及处理方法,阐述了该装置在工业控制领域的实际应用效果,具有一定的借鉴意义。