Rotating group representatives and group members’ requests in repeated public goods game

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the effect of group representatives on contribution behaviour in response to group members’ requests in repeated public goods games. Data came from 135 students in 15 groups enrolled in the experiment, grouped in the following treatments: no group representatives (NR, NRG) and group representatives (R1, R2). We also tested initial requests wherein the group members’ initial requests (i.e. NRG, R2) mediated the positive relationship between individual-level contribution preferences and group contributions. We used a fixed-effects GLS regression and IV regression to analyse the effect of group representatives and group members’ requests. The results indicated the following: (a) rotating group representative/group members’ requests was related to group contributions at the session (within-members) and group (between-group) levels; (b) the reactions to members’ requests positively predicted group contributions; (c) subjects in the no group representatives treatment formed their requests by relying more on previous group contributions than subjects in the group representatives treatment, who relied more on the previous group members’ requests; and (d) the initial requests explained long-term contribution levels, which resulted in variations in group contributions observed between the NRG and R2 treatments. Our findings highlight the role of rotating group representatives in stimulating cooperation among members, while group members’ requests impel individuals to make contribution decisions at the group level.     

非常规战争与战争形态的演变

进入21世纪以来,非常规战争成为国际社会关注的焦点。在理论谱系上,学术界已经对非常规战争的内在本质、基本特征和行为模式进行了深入研究,提出了一些富有创见的理论。在这些研究的基础上,作者认为非常规战争所呈现出的形态及其战略战术与以往相比有了重要变化,凸显了克劳塞维茨式战争逻辑之外的一面,即战争中的弱者通过非常规方式增强自我力量、通过非常规方式向国家行为体施加成本来战胜强者的隐性逻辑。基于这种隐性逻辑,从非国家行为体的视角重新审视战争,可以发现非常规战争中的作战方式已经使得战争形态发生了四点巨大变化:战争的形态越来越不清晰、战争的胜负之分变得模糊、战争正变得越来越扁平化以及战争伦理受到侵蚀。当前的大国竞争并不会削弱非常规战争的地位,在某种程度上甚至会凸显其独特战略意义。因此,探究非常规战争的隐性逻辑,既有助于我们理解战争形态的变化,也有利于国家行为体据此调整相关战略战术。     

深学笃用习近平总书记"七一"重要讲话精神以史为鉴书写新时代"赶考"路的武隆答卷

7月1日,习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上发表重要讲话,深情回顾中国共产党走过的一百年光辉历程,精辟概括了伟大建党精神,向全党发出了在新的赶考之路上努力为党和人民争取更大光荣的号召,是一篇马克思主义纲领性文献,是新时代中国共产党人不忘初心、牢记使命的政治宣言,是我们党团结带领人民以史为鉴、开创未来的行动指南,为全党全国各族人民向第二个百年奋斗目标迈进指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循.     

商业地产的定位流程与内容

文章认为商业地产的定位包括产品、主题形象、商业经营、目标市场等多方面的内容,需要结合当地市场特征、项目地块特征、商家及消费者的需求等,采用科学的流程与方法,才能具备较高的成功率。     

2001-2007年中国的资本流入、套利空间与金融风险

对于发展中国家来说,资本流入虽然通常被作为可能促进本国经济发展的积极因素,但是它也蕴含着对东道国的严重负面影响。本文试图通过理论和经验数据两方面的分析,说明近些年来大量的资本流入在中国所自我创造的隐蔽的套利空间。而在私人资本通过该空间获利时,却可能对中国经济和金融造成严重冲击。     

Optimal insurance in the presence of reinsurance

This paper studies an optimal insurance and reinsurance design problem among three agents: policyholder, insurer, and reinsurer. We assume that the preferences of the parties are given by distortion risk measures, which are equivalent to dual utilities. By maximizing the dual utility of the insurer and jointly solving the optimal insurance and reinsurance contracts, it is found that a layering insurance is optimal, with every layer being borne by one of the three agents. We also show that reinsurance encourages more insurance, and is welfare improving for the economy. Furthermore, it is optimal for the insurer to charge the maximum acceptable insurance premium to the policyholder. This paper also considers three other variants of the optimal insurance/reinsurance models. The first two variants impose a limit on the reinsurance premium so as to prevent insurer to reinsure all its risk. An optimal solution is still layering insurance, though the insurer will have to retain higher risk. Finally, we study the effect of competition by permitting the policyholder to insure its risk with an insurer, a reinsurer, or both. The competition from the reinsurer dampens the price at which an insurer could charge to the policyholder, although the optimal indemnities remain the same as the baseline model. The reinsurer will however not trade with the policyholder in this optimal solution.     

国家风险对我国出口贸易效应的实证分析

2008年金融危机导致全球贸易环境恶化,国家风险加大,我国出口贸易规模下降。本文运用回归模型,分析了金融危机前后中国的国别出口规模与其对应进口国的国家风险之间的相关性以及出口市场结构对相关性的影响。论文提出在国家风险评级相对下调的发达市场,中国要缓解出口的下滑,以及在收入水平较低的新兴市场,中国要扩大对其出口规模,及时识别、防范并化解国家风险具有重要意义。论文从出口信用保险的角度为我国化解国家风险、发展对外贸易提出了相关政策性建议。     

价格歧视下的不可再生资源的开采问题研究

自Hotelling开始,不可再生资源开采问题引起了经济学家们的注意,在此过程中,产业组织理论被应用于不可再生资源的研究.文章分析了价格歧视对不可再生资源开采的影响,结果发现,当资源的垄断开采者面向多个市场时,价格歧视因素可能使资源开采偏离最优路径.     

长期照护保险、女性就业与劳动平权——基于世代交叠模型和合成控制法的研究

受累于繁重的家庭照料负担,女性的劳动参与意愿、工作时间和收入水平长期受到抑制,在职业选择和工资待遇等方面也容易遭遇多重歧视.文章建立了包含老年照料和长期照护保险的世代交叠模型,发现长期照护保险不仅能够促进劳动力供给,而且能够提高劳动力收入.文章利用2010-2018年中国196个城市面板数据,基于济南市长期照护保险典型试点实践,首次采用合成控制法量化评估了长期照护保险对女性就业的影响.研究发现,长期照护保险对女性就业具有显著的提升作用,长期照护保险的实行使得女性就业率提升了5-15个百分点,月收入增加了426-556元,日工作时间提高了0.3-0.6小时.长期照护保险在试点期间主要是通过减轻女性家庭老年人照料负担来提升其劳动力供给,而通过发展养老护理及其相关产业进而增加女性劳动力需求这一作用的路径仍很微弱.进一步研究表明,长期照护保险在促进男女就业率平等和城乡女性收入平等方面产生了积极作用,长期照护保险的实行使得女性与男性就业率比提高了5-7个百分点,农村女性与城市女性收入比提高了15-36个百分点.文章的研究结论为进一步完善长期照护保险制度、激励女性劳动参与和促进就业权益均等化提供了政策参考.