The Value of Territory: Towards a Marxist Geopolitics

The article argues for a Marxist geopolitics that moves beyond both critical geopolitics and the discredited classical geopolitics. It underlines the valorisation of territory by capital across three levels of abstraction: that of social infrastructure, class conflict and ground-rent proper. The recent Russian-Ukrainian gas wars are briefly analysed by way of illustrating the application of this distinctive approach to geopolitics.     

Rent-seeking in an emerging market: A DSGE approach

Due to the fact that rent-seeking is by definition an unobservable variable, measuring its size and evolution over the business cycle can be a daunting challenge. In this article, by embedding rent-seeking behavior in an otherwise standard open-economy DSGE model, we are able to derive a quarterly time series of this variable (expressed as a percentage deviation from the trend) for an emerging economy such as Brazil. The estimated series, spanning the period 2002Q1?2017Q4, shows a strong positive correlation with the “Commodity Super Cycle” of the 2000 decade and falls as a result of some political scandals and their ensuing investigations, among other driving forces. We also rely on the same model to assess how several shocks hitting the economy affect both rent-seeking and the relevant macroeconomic variables in our model. Barring monetary expansions, increased exports and higher income transfers to households, expansionary shocks are associated with lower rent-seeking activity. Factoring in these two sets of results, the upshot is that rent-seeking behavior shows a pattern of procyclicality in the Brazilian economy.     

Coalition Stability in Public Goods Provision: Testing an Optimal Allocation Rule

We test the canonical model of international environmental agreements (IEAs) in a laboratory setting with asymmetric agents. IEA participation represents coalition formation and public good provision where there are gains to cooperation, but an incentive to free-ride. We test four competing methods of dividing the coalition’s worth: a recently proposed optimal rule which accounts for subjects’ payoffs as a single free-rider, the Shapley value, the Nash bargaining solution, and an equal split. Each treatment generates the theoretically predicted coalition size more often than not. The shares of the potential gains to cooperation achieved by each rule are: 51, 36, 40 and 13%, respectively. These results highlight the importance of using an optimal rule to improve IEAs, and more broadly for voluntary public good provision.     

Public inputs and dynamic producer behavior: endogenous growth in U.S. agriculture

This paper is an attempt to understand the impact of public R&D and public infrastructure on the performance of the U.S. agricultural sector during the last part of the twentieth century. A neoclassical Solow growth model is not sufficient for this understanding given the sustained growth performance of the sector. We base our analysis on a well-known endogenous growth model, the ‘AK model’ where non-convexities are introduced through non-rival inputs. Based on these models and within the dynamic models that rationalize private and public decision making, we have identified three testable hypotheses regarding the aggregate agricultural production technology. They are: (1) increasing returns to scale over all inputs; (2) positive effect of additional units of public inputs on the long-run demand for private capital; and (3) negative impact of public inputs on cost. They are tested using two estimation procedures on two data sets for U.S. agriculture. One, covering the period 1948–1994, developed by USDA, the other, covering the period 1926–1990, from Thirtle et al. Maximum likelihood estimates do not conform to the regularity and behavioral properties of the economic model rendering them unusable for testing these hypotheses. Bayesian estimates, although not totally satisfactory, do not reject the hypotheses after prior imposition of some of the regularity conditions. This supports the notion of an important role for public inputs on the rapid and sustained growth of the sector. We calculate that, on average, one additional dollar spent on public R&D stock reduces private cost by $6.5, implying a return on these public expenses of 190%.

Differentiation and Cost Asymmetry: Solving the Merger Paradox

This paper investigates the impact of product differentiation and of cost asymmetry on the merger paradox using a Cournot framework. It finds that when all firms share the same costs, two-firm mergers in an n firm market generate at least no profit loss when goods are sufficiently differentiated. This result contrasts with that of Salant, Switzer, and Reynolds (1983) where mergers of strategic substitutes are rarely profitable, and Deneckere and Davidson (1985 Deneckere, Raymond, and Carl Davidson. 1985. Incentives to Form Coalitions with Bertrand Competition. The RAND Journal of Economics 16 (4): 473–486.[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) where competition among strategic complements yields profitable mergers. Critically, when costs are asymmetric, a merger between an efficient and inefficient firm, with differentiated products, can be more profitable to participants than to excluded rivals. Following this merger, welfare is shown to increase given that the cost asymmetry between insiders is large enough.     

Relative price volatility under Sudden Stops: The relevance of balance sheet effects

Sudden Stops are associated with increased volatility in relative prices. We introduce a model based on information acquisition to rationalize this increased volatility. An empirical analysis of the conditional variance of the wholesale price to consumer price ratio using panel ARCH techniques confirms the relevance of Sudden Stops and potential balance sheet effects as key determinants of relative price volatility, where balance sheet effects are captured by the interaction of a proxy for potential changes in the real exchange rate (linked to the degree of external leverage of the absorption of tradable goods) and a measure of domestic liability dollarization.     

Voting by committees under constraints

We consider social choice problems where a society must choose a subset from a set of objects. Specifically, we characterize the families of strategy-proof voting procedures when not all possible subsets of objects are feasible, and voters’ preferences are separable or additively representable.     

Capital Mobility and Mexico's Challenge Toward Financial Integration

ABSTRACT

The analysis investigates the correlation between domestic saving and investment as a challenge to sustainably integrating capital stocks and flows in Mexico's quest to progress toward the long-term capacities of developed economies. If the integration of developing economies with developed ones entails the deepening of international capital markets, this would mean moving toward sustainable, long-term growth at the regional level via capital markets in which investment rates are limited by neither domestic saving nor domestic capital markets. By focusing on the Feldstein-Horioka puzzle of domestic investment-saving constancy across countries irrespective of structural changes, this paper analyzes how NAFTA and financial restructuring affected Mexico's saving and private investment decisions between 1970 and 2004. After checking for cointegration, a structural change model shows how investment is limited by saving rates in Mexico and abroad, which are not completely in line with other developing economies.

RESUMEN. El análisis examina la correlación que existe entre el ahorro interno y las inversiones, como un desafío respecto a la integración para respaldar el capital social y sus flujos, en la búsqueda mexicana de convergir hacia las capacidades largoplacistas de las economías desarrolladas. Si la integración de las economías en desarrollo con las desarrolladas implica la expansión del mercado de capitales internacional, al nivel regional esto significaría un desplazamiento hacia el crecimiento sostenible a largo plazo a través de los mercados de capital, donde las tasas de inversión no están limitadas por el ahorro interno ni por el mercado de capitales. Centrados en el rompe cabezas de Feldstein-Horioka sobre la constancia entre la inversión-ahorro internos a través de los países, independientemente de los cambios estructurales que se produzcan, este estudio analiza el efecto que el NAFTA y la reestructuración financiera han ejercido sobre la toma de decisiones mexicanas sobre el ahorro e inversiones privadas en un período que abarca de 1970 a 2004. Después de verificar la cointegración, el modelo de los cambios estructurales muestra las limitaciones que sufre la inversión debido a las tasas de interés vigentes en México ya que, externamente, ellas no están completamente y alineadas con las que rigen en otras economías en desarrollo que ya implementaron su apertura.

RESUMO. A análise examina a correlação entre a poupança doméstica e os investimentos, como um desafio à integração sustentável de fluxos de capital e capital social, na busca mexicana da conversão rumo às capacidades de longo prazo das economias desenvolvidas. Se a integração das economias em desenvolvimento com aquelas desenvolvidas expressar o aprofundamento do mercado internacional de capitais, isso significa rumar para o desenvolvimento sustentável, de longo prazo, no nível regional, através dos mercados de capital, onde os índices de investimento não são limitados pela poupança doméstica nem pelos mercados de capital domésticos. Enfocando o quebra-cabeça Feldstein-Horioka sobre a constância de investimento-poupança entre os países, sem levar em consideração as mudanças estruturais, este estudo analisa como a NAFTA e a reestruturação financeira afetaram as decisões de investimento privado e a poupança no México, entre 1970 e 2004. Após a verificação da co-integração, um modelo com as mudanças estruturais mostra como os investimentos são limitados pelos índices de poupança no México e no exterior, não completamente em linha com outras economias em desenvolvimento que se abrem.     

Tourist modernisation and social legitimation in Spain

Spain's modernisation has been based, to a large extent, on the so‐called ‘residential tourism’. Its two‐fold nature—as a production model and a type of lifestyle migration—has complex repercussions. The aim of this paper is to delve, with a qualitative approach, into the key factors that explain the current social legitimation of this process by the Spanish society. The research suggests that the process is legitimated by its definition as an essentially tourism phenomenon. The label ‘tourism’ acts as some sort of ‘funnel’ that would not allow to go through it the problems associated with lifestyle migration or urbanisation. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

On the adjustment speed of SMEs to their optimal capital structure

The aim of this paper is to analyse the speed of adjustment of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) to the target leverage. By applying a system GMM technique to Spanish panel data collected during the period 1995?C2005, we estimate a partial adjustment model in which both target leverage and speed of adjustment are simultaneously endogenized. We provide empirical evidence on the determinants of target leverage and the speed of adjustment. More specifically, the rate of financial flexibility, growth opportunities and size are positively related to the speed of adjustment, whereas the distance to the optimal ratio of debt shows a negative impact. Our findings demonstrate that, in terms of sample mean, a high percentage of Spanish SMEs adjust rationally to their target. Additionally, the SMEs analysed appeared to be over-levered and fairly motivated to adjust (annual adjustment speed: 26%).