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91.
We look at the growth experience of 25 transition countries over the 25 years since the dissolution of the USSR. The initial collapse in income was much more severe in 12 former Soviet Union countries (FSU12) than in the 10 transition countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 (EU10). In 2015, FSU12 income levels were further behind EU10 than they were at the start of transition, despite more rapid growth in the last 15 years. Compared to predictions from a parsimonious growth model, the region as a whole is ‘normal’ in terms of growth performance since the 2000s. However, the FSU12 over-perform and the EU10 under-perform relative to model predictions for the last 15 years. 相似文献
92.
Derived from previous research on social influence on food consumption and social comparison theory, this article examines the effect of service employees’ appearance on consumers’ food choice using an experimental study, involving a video manipulation and eye‐tracking technique. The video shows a menu being proffered by a waitress whose degree of apparent healthiness varies (healthy, overweight, unhealthy lifestyle). The menu contains both healthy and unhealthy meal alternatives. The analysis of participants’ eye movements demonstrated that exposure to the overweight employee did not stimulate greater (i.e., earlier or longer) attention to unhealthy meal alternatives, whereas exposure to the employee who displayed an unhealthy lifestyle did. These findings have social and managerial implications: The postulated stigma according to which the presence of overweight others encourages unhealthy eating appears questionable. Service providers that might secretly hire according to body weight have no grounds to do so. In contrast, employees signaling an unhealthy lifestyle through their style choices prompt patrons to pay more attention to unhealthy meal alternatives. Food service providers might want to take this factor into consideration and actively manage the aspects that can be altered by simple measures. 相似文献
93.
A Simple Method of Incorporating Income Effects into Logit and Nested-Logit Models: Theory and Application 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Edward R. Morey Vijaya R. Sharma Anders Karlstrom 《American journal of agricultural economics》2003,85(1):248-253
Substantive income effects are incorporated in a logit or nested-logit model by assuming that utility is a piece-wise linear spline function of residual income. Specific income data are not required, only income by category. Expected compensating variation is easily and accurately approximated by the difference between expected maximum utility in the proposed and initial state, multiplied by the inverse of the individual's initial marginal utility of money. This approximation is almost exact because although any policy can, in theory, cause an individual to jump income categories, for most policies this probability will be very small. 相似文献
94.
Mogens Fosgerau Svend E. Hougaard Jensen & Anders Sørensen 《Review of Income and Wealth》2002,48(2):261-269
This paper investigates the magnitude of the mismeasurement that occurs when only a few education categories are used in the construction of a constant quality index for labor input. By employing a very comprehensive data set it is found that the error resulting from the omission of information on education is relatively small. The empirical results are thus supportive of the current state of practice of constructing indices of constant quality labor input. 相似文献
95.
Summary. This paper examines the proposition that homotheticity is equivalent to the property that (e.g., in the context of a production
function) the marginal rate of substitution is constant along any ray from the origin. This claim is made in many places,
but hitherto the prerequisites have not been stated explicitly. In the present contribution it is demonstrated that an additional
condition is required for the claim to hold. We present a theorem that achieves equivalence by also assuming ‘nowhere ray
constancy’. It turns out that this condition is implied by assumptions often made, e.g., in production theory. Further, a
complete characterization is given of the class of functions that satisfy ray constant marginal rates of substitution or,
somewhat more generally, a condition of ray parallel gradients. In addition to homothetic functions this class contains functions
homogeneous of degree 0 (i.e., ray constant) and functions which are homothetic in disjoint regions separated by regions of
ray constancy.
Received: November 5, 1999; revised version: October 31, 2000 相似文献
96.
This paper presents a study in a major pharmaceutical company of how team-based, knowledge-intensive work is positively affected by what we refer to as care. Organization theory directs much effort toward understanding how values, norms and cultures are shared, how they construct meaning and make sense within an organization. In addition, the ability to share experiences and know-how is a crucial activity in organizations. This paper presents a framework for knowledge-creation in a relational, sensemaking perspective where the notion of care, the ability to establish interpersonal, sensemaking mechanisms, is the underlying key factor behind knowledge-creation in team-based organizations. 相似文献
97.
Abstract: This paper addresses the issue of whether the inflow of foreign capital has contributed to economic growth in Tanzania. We distinguish between aid and loans and conclude that while aid seems to have fostered growth during the past decades, loans have apparently not. Using a simple model we show that the basic reason for this is that foreign loans are efficient in promoting growth only if several conditions are fulfilled; data suggest that this is not the case Tanzania. Résumé: Le présent document traite de la question de savoire si le flux de capitaux étrangers a contribuéà la croissance économique en Tanzanie. Nous faisons la distinction entre l'aide et le prêts et concluons que si l'aide a apparenment favorisé la croissance au cours de ces dernières décennies, il ne semble pas en être de même pour les prêts. Avec un modèle simple, nous montrons que la raison fondamentale est que les prêts extérieurs ne favorisent la croissance que si plusieurs conditions sont réunies. Les statistiques révèlent que tel n'est pas le cas en Tanzanie. 相似文献
98.
Anders Borglin 《Journal of public economics》1982,18(1):85-104
In this paper we discuss the ability of persons to compare the ‘positions’ of different individuals, which is fundamental for the theory of equity and justice as fairness, through the use of a state structure involving states, persons, consequences, preferences and mappings between sets of these objects.It is shown that a type of identity axiom implies a complete identity axiom. Such a complete identity axiom will hold if properties and preferences are dependent and all persons have the same properties, or properties are part of consequences. It is argued that the latter case provides a rationale for the complete identity axiom but demands great abilities of comparison on behalf of the persons involved. 相似文献
99.
This paper describes an extension of Duchin's world trade model to include the explicit representation of transportation costs, permitting the endogenous determination of bilateral trade flows and region-specific prices. The original model is a linear program that, based on comparative advantage and the minimization of factor use, determines regional production and trade flows as well as world prices and scarcity rents for m regions, n good, and k factors. The new world trade model with bilateral trade achieves its objectives by introducing transportation services and geographically dependent transportation requirements for each traded good and each pair of potential trade partners. The formulation of this model and its major properties are presented, and results from a preliminary analysis with 11 regions, eight goods, four transportation sectors, and six factors of production are reported and compared with corresponding results from the world trade model. On the basis of this comparison, we conclude that transportation costs have little impact on a region's total imports or exports of a given commodity. 相似文献
100.
This paper considers an inventory control system, primarily for a finished goods inventory. The purpose is to create a procedure that can handle both fast-moving items with regular demand and slow-moving items. The suggested procedure should be easy to implement in a modern computerized ERP-system. Essentially, the system is a periodic review system built around a Croston forecasting procedure. An Erlang distribution is fitted to the observed data using the mean and variance of the forecasted demand rate. According to probabilities for stock shortages, derived from the probability distribution, the system decides if it is time to place a new order or not. The Croston forecasting method is theoretically more accurate than ordinary exponential smoothing for slow-moving items. However, it is not evident that a Croston forecasting procedure (with assumed Erlang distribution) outperforms ordinary exponential smoothing (with assumed normal distribution) applied in a “practical” inventory control system with varying demand, automatically generated replenishment, etc. Our simulation study shows that the system in focus will present fewer shortages at lower inventory levels than a system based on exponential smoothing and the normal distribution. 相似文献