A rainbow's worth of shades of grey: from special considerations to effective communication in internet-based B2B marketing     

George T. Haley 《Industrial Marketing Management》2002,31(2):75-76

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Maureen J. Lage  Kristina S. Boye  Jay Patrick Bae  Jianmin Wu  Reema Mody  Fady T. Botros 《Journal of medical economics》2019,22(5):447-454

Aims: Examine healthcare costs across chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages for US patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

Materials and methods: IQVIA Real World Data Adjudicated Claims linked electronic medical records and insurance claims from January 1, 2012 through March 31, 2017 were used for this retrospective study. Adults diagnosed with T2D and comorbid CKD were included. General linear models incorporating splines were constructed, and information from these regressions were used to inform the relationship between medical costs and CKD. Multivariable analyses controlled for patient characteristics, vital signs, general health, prior medication use, prior visit to specialists, index A1c, and year of index date.

Results: There were 6,645 individuals who met the study criteria. Results generally indicate sharp increases in annual total medical costs and non-drug medical costs in the 1?year post-period for patients with Stage 4 or 5 CKD (estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]?≤?30?mL/min/1.73 m²) with each 1 point reduction in eGFR from 30 associated with an increase of $1,870 in all-cause total medical costs (p?<?0.0001) and $1,805 of all-cause non-drug medical costs (p?<?0.0001). Similarly, each point decline below 30?mL/min was associated annual cost increases of $1,701 for CKD-related total medical costs, $1,695 for CKD-related non-drug medical costs, $173 for diabetes-related medical costs, and $187 for diabetes-related non-drug medical costs (all p?<?0.0001).

Limitations: The investigation included only patients with medical insurance and laboratory test results, and results may not be generalizable to all T2D patients with CKD. The methodology allowed us to determine associations, not causation, and potential confounders, such as duration of diabetes, diet, exercise, or social support, could not be assessed.

Conclusions: Results indicate there are sharp and significant increases in medical costs among T2D patients with Stage 4 and 5 CKD compared to those with earlier stages of CKD.  相似文献   

Meeting the Third World Challenge     

Robert T. Averitt 《Journal of economic issues》2013,47(1):224-226

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T. COOMBES 《Economic Papers: A journal of applied economics and policy》1995,14(1):62-72

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What Is Profit Maximization?     

John T. Wenders 《Journal of economic issues》2013,47(2-3):61-66

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Environmental Economics,Climate Change Policy and Beyond: A Tribute to Anil Markandya     

Ibon Galarraga  Mikel Gonzalez-Eguino  Dirk T. G. Rübbelke 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2016,63(2):219-224

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Distribution and Economic Progress     

James T. Peach 《Journal of economic issues》2013,47(4):1495-1529

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Introduction to the Special Issue: Spatial Inequality and Development in Asia     

Ravi Kanbur  Anthony J. Venables  Guanghua Wan 《Review of Development Economics》2005,9(1):1-4

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Vikash Ramiah  Imad Moosa  Huy Nguyen Anh Pham  Anthony Scundi  Wai Han Teoh 《Applied economics》2013,45(44):4777-4792

The event study methodology of Brown and Warner (1985) is adopted and augmented to evaluate the effect of the launch of multilateral trading systems on risk and return in equity markets. The methodology is supplemented with various techniques, such as the nonparametric ranking test and kernel regression, to find out if announcements about the introduction of Chi-X Australia generated abnormal returns (ARs). Asset pricing models are fitted with interaction variables, while GARCH, threshold ARCH (TARCH), exponential GARCH (EGARCH) and power-ARCH (PARCH) are used to determine changes in systematic risk. We find evidence in favour of Fisher’s separation theorem and detect a new market anomaly, which we call the ‘Fisher market anomaly’. Our results show that Chi-X system testings affect ARs. Consistent with the adaptive expectations theory, we confirm that the first announcement about the launch of Chi-X affected systematic risk the most. In addition, we identify industry and firm effects in risk analysis.  相似文献   

    

Scott B. Teasdale;Caitlin Dixon;Jeffrey S. Ball;Natalie A. Bradbury;Claire I. T. Gaskin;Jackie Curtis;Adith Mohan; 《Contemporary economic policy》2024,18(11):912-919

To evaluate the implementation of a mixed virtual and in-person brief intervention for young people, aged 12–25 years, presenting to a large urban mental health service in crisis with suicidal ideation and/or self-harm.  相似文献