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71.
Many economic studies have addressed the issue of inefficiency of public water supply in rural areas and the potential for improved service by private companies. Many of these analyses focused on identifying either willingness to pay or comparing average service costs and prices paid by customers. This paper performs a welfare analysis of two water supply systems—public and self owned—in rural Tunisia. The paper calculates consumer and producer surplus and compares the performance of the two systems from a social point of view. Results suggest that both systems are inefficient, mainly because of a production level that is low compared with production capacity. 相似文献
72.
The Relative Efficiency and Implementation Costs of Alternative Methods for Pricing Irrigation Water 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
A useful means for achieving efficient allocation of irrigationwater is to put the right price tag on it. This article discussessome of the more pervasive pricing methods and compares theirefficiency performance, paying special attention to the impactof the cost of implementing each method on its efficiency. Thearticle uses an empirical example to demonstrate numericallythe relative efficiency of the different pricing methods andthe important role of implementation costs. The volumetric,output, input, tiered, and two-part tariff methods all can achieveefficiency, although the type of efficiency varies from onemethod to another. These methods also differ in the amount andtype of information, and the administrative cost, needed intheir implementation. The example indicates that water pricingmethods are most pronounced through their effect on the croppingpatternmore so than through their effect on water demandfor a given crop. Implementation costs have a large effect onwater tariffs and on welfare and hence should have an importantrole in determining the desirable method to use in any givenwater situation. 相似文献
73.
Ariel R. Belasen Rik W. Hafer Shrikant P. Jategaonkar 《Contemporary economic policy》2015,33(4):668-677
Are state bond ratings, ceteris paribus, related to economic freedom? We test for the relationship between economic freedom and an aggregate index comprised of ratings by Standard & Poor, Moody's, and Fitch. We also test for a relationship between economic freedom and the ratings by these three agencies individually. With a sample covering all 50 states for the period 1995–2008, the evidence strongly indicates that state bond ratings are positively and significantly related to overall economic freedom as well as three sub‐categories of economic freedom. Our results show that the quantitative impact of economic freedom on bond ratings is comparable to the effect of state real income and the unemployment rate. (JEL E43, H71) 相似文献
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An attempt is made to account for the frequently observed phenomenon of insurance companies offering discounts to clients who possess a favorable record of past claims. We argue that such discounts provide a mechanism which enables both insurer and insured to counteract the inefficiency which arises from moral hazard. 相似文献
77.
Ariel Pakes 《Review of Industrial Organization》2003,23(3-4):193-215
This paper is a revised version of a keynote address delivered at the inauguralInternational Industrial Organization Conference in Boston, April 2003. I arguethat new econometric tools have facilitated the estimation of models with realistictheoretical underpinnings, and because of this, have made empirical I.O. muchmore useful. The tools solve computational problems thereby allowing us to makethe relationship between the economic model and the estimating equations transparent.This, in turn, enables us to utilize the available data more effectively. It also facilitatesrobustness analysis and clarifies the assumptions needed to analyze the causes of pastevents and/or make predictions of the likely impacts of future policy or environmentalchanges. The paper provides examples illustrating the value of simulation for theestimation of demand systems and of semiparametrics for the estimation of entry models. 相似文献
78.
Ariel Dinar Keith C. Knapp 《The Australian journal of agricultural and resource economics》1988,32(1):1-14
Agricultural production in many semi-arid areas over the world is affected by poor drainage and saline conditions. Optimal agricultural management can be considerably different under these conditions than in locations where these problems do not occur. A long-run steady-state model is developed to analyse several management strategies for a farm with limited natural drainage and no access to off farm facilities. The model is applied to a representative farm in California. Under optimal management, the results suggest relatively small evaporation ponds, a reduction in water application, and little change in cropping patterns. Some drainage reuse is optimal when only variable reuse costs are considered. Returns to land and management are positive in all cases considered and benefits from a free off-farm facility are approximately $260/ha. 相似文献
79.
Ariel Rubinstein 《European Economic Review》2002,46(8):1369-1378
The paper deals with multiple decision problems, which are similar to the task of guessing the color outcomes of five independent spinnings of a roulette wheel, 60% of whose slots are red and 40% white. Each correct guess yields a prize of $1. The guess of 5 Reds clearly first order stochastic dominates any other strategy. In contrast, subjects diversify their choices when facing a multiple decision problem in which the choice is between lotteries with clear objective probabilities. The diversification is stronger when the subjects face uncertainty without objective probabilities and weaker when the choice problem involves real life actions. 相似文献
80.
Ariel Sarid 《Journal of Leadership Studies》2016,10(1):8-17
The aim of the current paper was to address central conceptual and methodological complications in leadership studies, particularly as these have been detected in the Multifactor Leadership Theory and its principle instrument, the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire. To this end, a methodological tool is presented that integrates three central leadership constructs into the Schwartz Value Scale (SVS). The tool offered here, which is grounded on the recent differentiation between transformational and transformative leadership, awards conceptual and methodological clarity and addresses incongruities that are insufficiently explained by current models. Integrating the Multifactor Leadership Theory with the SVS offers a more complex and conceptually sound methodological basis that can be used for leadership research in general and the connection between leaders’ motivational values and behavior in particular. 相似文献