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91.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of red-light cameras in Dammam, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Two methods were used to assess changes in crash risk at the intersections at which the red-light camera programme had been operating. Geospatial analysis was used to visualize trends in road crash density over the geographical region of Dammam and a pre--post-camera crash analysis was undertaken. The distribution of injury crashes was greater than that of crashes which included property damage, the latter of which was concentrated around central Dammam. The five red-light cameras installed in 2012 were located outside areas of high-crash and injury density, and the total number of crashes reported in the three-month periods after installation was double that before the cameras were installed. This increase in the number of crashes also occurred at the five comparison sites (without red-light cameras), indicating a null effect. The findings from this study are contrary to previous evaluations of speed management programmes associated with red-light cameras. The study highlights the challenges in obtaining data for such research and illustrates that a reliance on overt, fixed camera's to manage speed is unlikely to deliver significant reductions in road trauma.  相似文献   
92.
Containerized freight imports into the US are growing at an average of 10% per year. This traffic is concentrated at a small number of US seaports. It is therefore important to have an accurate understanding of the flow of containers from their origin country through these seaports to their final destination. This paper develops an optimization model to estimate route flows and a corresponding multi-modal origin–destination table for containers by synthesizing data on international trade and railcar movements with a gravity model for the demand of container traffic. This analysis provides insights into the balance of rail and truck inland transportation from each port.  相似文献   
93.
94.
Supply chain management (SCM) plays a major role in creating (or destroying) shareholder value by influencing the three major drivers of firm financial performance: revenue, operating costs, and working capital. Yet, the relationship between SCM competency and firm financial performance is not well‐established. Drawing on the resource‐based view of the firm, this study assesses this relationship using Delphi‐style opinion data from AMR Research’s Supply Chain Top 25 rankings to assess SCM competency and Altman’s (1968) Z‐score statistic as the measure of financial success. The study findings show that firms recognized by industry experts for SCM competency have significantly higher Z‐scores than their close competitors and industry averages.  相似文献   
95.
The empirical evidence from the extant literature has been equivocal regarding the influence exerted by different ownership types on corporate social responsibility (CSR), especially in developing countries such as India characterized by institutional voids. We use a longitudinal panel dataset of 500 large Indian companies to test a model of corporate ownership forms as key determinants of CSR engagement in India. Based on neo-institutional theory, our model of CSR determinants investigates the roles of three salient aspects of ownership namely multinational ownership/affiliation, state ownership and family ownership and control, after controlling for the influence of firm size, firm age, leverage, the availability of slack resources, profitability and various governance attributes. Our ordered logit regressions indicate strong support for the role of multinational ownership and family control and management in promoting higher levels of CSR engagement. Contrary to expectations, public sector ownership appeared to negatively impact CSR engagement. We offer our conjectures on this anomalous finding and the research possibilities it opens up.  相似文献   
96.
经济动荡期的管理是一种至关重要的商业能力。在经济低迷期,良好的企业管理不仅能够使企业的经营业绩优异于竞争对手,而且,在经济低迷期建立起来的竞争优势更具有可持续性。  相似文献   
97.
Within small businesses, organizational leaders are themselves often responsible for the HR function, an area where they typically have limited training and experience. Not surprisingly, small business leaders have raised concerns about the quality of HR programs in their firms and the fact that HR consumes scarce managerial time. While professional employer organizations (PEOs) emerged in response to such concerns, much controversy exists as to whether and how small businesses benefit from PEO utilization. Using a survey of more than 740 small businesses, we examine the relationship between PEO utilization and two key small business outcomes: managerial time required by HR activities and satisfaction with HR outcomes. Our results indicate that firms not using a PEO reported significantly lower levels of satisfaction with HR outcomes than firms that used a PEO for a limited set of transactional services and firms that used a PEO for both transactional and strategic HR services. Among firms using a PEO, satisfaction with HR outcomes was significantly higher among firms that obtained a broader set of transactional and strategic HR services. Firms that used a PEO also reported that HR consumed significantly less managerial time relative to leaders in firms that made no use of a PEO. However, there was no significant difference in the time demanded by HR between firms that used a limited set of transactional services and those that used a broader range of transactional and strategic services. Implications for the role of PEOs and their use within small businesses are discussed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.  相似文献   
98.
The article reports the results of field surveys conducted inSri Lanka's leather industry and Tanzania's furniture industry.It outlines an approach to learning how small and medium enterprises(SMES) perceive the impact of financial, regulatory, technical,marketing, and other input constraints, and to evaluating theresults in relation to other empirical indicators. Lack of accessto finance emerges as the binding constraint for smaller, lessestablished firms in Sri Lanka and for all of Tanzania's SMES—notonly is informal financing limited for Tanzania's firms, evenfirms of adequate size and experience have difficulty borrowingfrom banks, and, if they do borrow, have difficult relationswith their lenders. In Tanzania, regulatory and tax constraintsappear largest for the smallest firms, declining somewhat asfirms grow: because enforcement is comprehensive, the bureaucraticburden of negotiating with government officials is greatestfor small firms. By contrast, in Sri Lanka the regulatory burdenrises with firm size, because enforcement is more stringentfor the larger and more visible firms. Constraints on physicalinputs continue to inhibit Sri Lankan SMES—a legacy ofexcessive vertical integration by parastatals. Technical constraintsare appraised as most significant by relatively educated entrepreneurswith some involvement in high-quality market niches.  相似文献   
99.
Field observations of two audit engagements are used to interpret auditing as a ritual which transforms the financial statements of corporate management from an inherently untrustworthy state into a form that the auditors and the public can be comfortable with. The analysis draws on Collins' theory of interaction ritual chains (American Journal of Sociology, 1981, pp. 984–1014) to create an interpretative theory of auditing which offers insights into both the micro-level interactions within the audit team and the macro-level role of auditing in the economic order.  相似文献   
100.
We test the empirical implications of several models of IPOunderpricing. Consistent with the winner's-curse hypothesis,we show that in markets where investors know a priori that theydo not have to compete with informed investors, IPOs are notunderpriced. We also show that IPOs underwritten by reputableinvestment banks experience significantly less underpricingand perform significantly better in the long run. We do notfind empirical support for the signaling models that try toexplain why firms underprice. In fact, we find that (1) firmsthat underprice more return to the reissue market less frequently,and for lesser amounts, than firms that underprice less, and(2) firms that underprice less experience bigger earnings andpay higher dividends, contrary to the models' predictions.  相似文献   
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