ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND CHANGES IN CORPORATE CONTROL IN LATIN AMERICA

This article analyzes ownership restructuring and changes in corporate control in four large Latin American countries—Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico—during the 1990s. Drawing on original firm‐level data, this is a comparative study aimed at identifying cross‐country differences and regularities. It focuses on transactions associated with privatizations and private mergers and acquisitions (M&As)—their evolution, relative importance, and sectoral incidence—as well as the role played by different types of investors: local, foreign, and joint ventures. A specially built database was used in the analysis, comprising 3,085 private M&As and 329 privatization transactions. Although similar to processes occurring elsewhere, it is argued that ownership restructuring in Latin America was facilitated and fostered by specific changes in policy‐associated institutional framework conditions. That is, the wide‐ranging process of ownership restructuring is strongly associated with economic liberalization, which has become the main feature of Latin American national regimes of incentives and regulation.     

ONE HAT TOO MANY: KEY EXECUTIVE PLURALITY AND SHAREHOLDER WEALTH

Tracing backward the career paths of the key executives of Business Week’s 1990 listing of the 1000 most valuable publicly held companies, we empirically examined the impact of announced changes in key executive plurality on stockholder returns. We found the more complete the position consolidation, the more negative were the shareholder responses. To attempt to gain further understanding, the additional variables of executive’s origin, the size of the board of directors of the firm, the proportion of outsiders on the board, and prior firm performance were examined. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stories of Rural Accumulation in Africa: Trajectories and Transitions among Rural Capitalists in Senegal

This paper analyzes primary qualitative evidence from life histories of rural capitalists in contemporary Senegal. Various common themes in the declining literature on rural capitalism in Africa are discussed with reference to the specific individual trajectories of rural farm capitalists in Senegal. The themes include the emergence of rural capitalism in the context of protracted, uneven and gradual rural social differentiation and the various processes that have accompanied it; the condition of 'entrepreneurship' in such changing historical contexts; the symbiotic relationship between different spaces (loci) of accumulation, especially trade, transport and farming and the historical context in which they take place; the crucial but sometimes contradictory role of the state in spurring or constraining rural capitalist accumulation; and the variety of 'idioms of accumulation', which reflect transitions and synthesis between non-capitalist and capitalist forms of labour surplus appropriation at the level of individual capitalists, despite some uniformity in the general logic of capital and the spread of capitalist relations of production and exchange. The paper also discusses the methodological power and limitations of oral narratives as a method to gather evidence on long-term processes of agrarian change and accumulation in rural Africa. Finally, the life histories shed some light on the origins of rural capitalists and show that there is a combination of instances of 'capitalism from above' and 'from below' but that no dominant pattern can be clearly discerned at least in the space of one or two generations.     

A Note on the Association between Audit Firm Size and Audit Quality*

Abstract. This study proposes that comparison of management earnings forecasts with audited, reported earnings provides an approach to the measurement of audit quality. Assuming that managers have incentives to minimize the difference between forecasted and reported income, higher-quality audit firms will tend to be associated with larger forecast errors. Therefore if, as previous literature suggests, larger auditing firms provide higher-quality audits than do smaller auditing firms, larger auditing firms will tend to be associated with larger forecast errors, all else being equal. Data from the Toronto Stock Exchange are used to examine this proposition. After controlling for client characteristics such as risk, the results indicate that larger auditing firms tend to be associated with larger forecast errors consistent with the proposition that, other things being equal, larger auditing firms provide higher-quality audits than do small auditing firms. Résumé. Les auteurs proposent une technique de mesure de la qualité de la vérification qui consiste à comparer les prévisions de la direction relatives aux bénéfices et les bénéfices déclarés qui ont été vérifiés. Si l'on suppose que les gestionnaires ont intérêt à minimiser l'écart entre les bénéfices prévus et les bénéfices déclarés, les vérificateurs de haut calibre auront tendance à être associés à des erreurs prévisionnelles plus importantes. Par conséquent, si, comme l'ont suggéré les études antérieures, les cabinets d'experts-comptables importants offrent des services de vérification de meilleure qualité que les cabinets d'experts-comptables de taille plus modeste, les cabinets d'experts-comptables importants auront tendance à être associés aux erreurs prévisionnelles plus grandes, toutes choses étant égales. Les auteurs utilisent les données de la Bourse de Toronto pour vérifier cette affirmation. Une fois contrôlées les caractéristiques du client telles que le risque, les résultats indiquent que les cabinets d'experts-comptables de grande taille tendent à être associés aux erreurs prévisionnelles plus importantes, ce qui confirme l'hypothèse voulant que, toutes choses étant égales, les cabinets d'experts-comptables de grande taille offrent des services de vérification de meilleure qualité que les cabinets d'experts-comptables de taille plus petite.     

Relationship Between Level of Formal Reasoning and Students' Performance in Accounting Examinations*

Abstract. This study tests the theory that students' performance on different types of examination questions is related to their level of formal reasoning ability, where formal reasoning refers to their ability to solve different types of problems. The theory of formal reasoning is based on Piaget's theory that the ability to solve problems is related to the maturation process. Piaget argued that young children can solve only the most straightforward types of problems and are not capable of solving complex problems simply because their minds have not developed sufficiently. With maturation, more complex types of problems can be solved. To measure the formal reasoning level of intermediate accounting students, we used an instrument developed by Piaget. Then, we related this level to the marks they received on examinations in several accounting courses. On examination questions that involve only straightforward types of problems, students performed equally well, regardless of their formal reasoning level, but students with higher levels of formal reasoning ability performed significantly better on questions that involve more difficult types of problems. The paper concludes by suggesting that accounting examinations should include more questions that require the use of higher reasoning skills if the accounting profession is to attract more students who have higher levels of reasoning ability. Résumé. Les auteurs testent la théorie voulant que la performance des étudiants qui répondent à différentes formes de questions d'examen soit reliée à leur capacité de raisonnement structuré, l'expression ? raisonnement structuré ? désignant leur capacité de résoudre différentes catégories de problèmes. La théorie du raisonnement structuré se fonde sur la théorie de Piaget selon laquelle la capacité de résoudre des problèmes est reliée au processus de développement. Selon Piaget, les jeunes enfants ne peuvent résoudre que les problèmes les plus simples et sont incapables de résoudre des problèmes complexes, du simple fait que leur intelligence n'est pas suffisamment développée. Avec le développement de l'intelligence, il devient donc possible de résoudre des problèmes de nature plus complexe. Les auteurs utilisent un instrument mis au point par Piaget pour mesurer la capacité de raisonnement structuré des étudiants des cours de comptabilité intermédiaire et relient cette capacité aux notes qu'obtiennent les étudiants aux examens, dans plusieurs cours de comptabilité. Les résultats révèlent que les questions d'examen qui ne font intervenir que des problèmes simples sont résolues aussi bien par tous les étudiants, peu importe leur capacité de raisonnement structuré, mais que la performance des étudiants ayant une capacité de raisonnement structuré supérieure est significativement meilleure lorsque les questions font intervenir des problèmes plus difficiles. Les auteurs concluent par une suggestion: les examens de comptabilité devraient comporter davantage de questions exigeant des facultés de raisonnement supérieures si l'on souhaite que la profession comptable attire une plus grande population d'étudiants possédant une capacité de raisonnement supérieure.     

Response to ‘Duplications’ by Drelichman and Voth

In this response, we demonstrate that Mauricio Drelichman and Hans‐Joachim Voth, in their 2015 Economic History Review note ‘Duplication without constraints: Álvarez‐Nogal and Chamley's analysis of debt policy under Philip II’, provide a misconceived and inaccurate account of our argument about the finances of Philip II in ‘Debt policy under constraints: Philip II, the Cortes, and Genoese bankers’ (Economic History Review, 2014). Here, we summarize our position in the context of the current literature and provide a few comments on data gathering.     

Inflation Targeting Matters: Evidence from OECD Economies' Sacrifice Ratios

Using data from OECD economies, we show that inflation targeters suffered smaller output losses during disinflations when compared to nontargeters. We also study why some countries choose to inflation target while others do not and find that higher average inflation and smaller debt levels render the adoption of the regime more likely. Applying Heckman's procedure to control for selection bias does not alter the link between inflation targeting and less costly disinflations.     

Did J. P. Morgan's Men Add Liquidity? Corporate Investment,Cash Flow,and Financial Structure at the Turn of the Twentieth Century

This article presents evidence suggesting that the relationship that existed between the partnership of J. P. Morgan and its client firms partially resolved the latter's external financing problems by diminishing the principal-agent and asymmetric information problems. I estimate and compare investment regression equations for a sample of Morgan-affiliated companies and a control group of nonaffiliated companies. The econometric results seem to indicate that companies not affiliated to the House of Morgan were liquidity constrained.     

INFLATION STABILIZATION AND NOMINAL ANCHORS

This paper analyzes the choice of a nominal anchor in disinflation programs in chronic inflation countries. Both theory and evidence suggest several conclusions. (i) The recessionary effects associated with disinflation appear in the early stages of money-based programs but only in the late stages of exchange rate-based programs. (ii) Lack of credibility is more disruptive under fixed exchange rates than under floating exchange rates. (iii) Attempting to pursue a disinflationary policy while maintaining a given level of the real exchange rate is likely to be self-defeating. (iv) A high degree of currency substitution favors the exchange rate as the nominal anchor.