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31.
Arnold C. Cooper 《R&D Management》1989,19(2):115-125
Abstract
The author has reviewed the literature, predominantly North American, on the relationships between corporate strategy and corporate performance.
The general context is the question of where and how a firm should diversify. The author considers three areas of decision: corporate strategy, (where to compete), business strategy, (how to compete), and corporate organization (receptiveness to diversification). It appears that the most advantageous corporate strategy is to diversify into a high-profit area but to maintain a substantial relatedness to existing businesses; the best business strategy is to have a market-related perspective, to use R&D to develop new products with a marked competitive advantage rather than new processes, to minimise investment but to enter the market on a sufficiently large scale. This last condition presupposes a high degree of top-management commitment to the venture. Furthermore, consideration has to be given to whether the organizational culture is such as to nurture rather than stifle the venture by insisting on administrative controls appropriate to the firm's traditional base.
The author points to three areas deserving of further investigation: How a firm in a mature industry can find a related area that is sufficiently attractive; how to fix on the correct scale of an entry taking into account the long lead times before the venture shows a net return; and how to ensure that the corporate culture will be able to accommodate novel interests and procedures.
All the above matters pose questions for the management of technology and the direction of R&D. 相似文献
The author has reviewed the literature, predominantly North American, on the relationships between corporate strategy and corporate performance.
The general context is the question of where and how a firm should diversify. The author considers three areas of decision: corporate strategy, (where to compete), business strategy, (how to compete), and corporate organization (receptiveness to diversification). It appears that the most advantageous corporate strategy is to diversify into a high-profit area but to maintain a substantial relatedness to existing businesses; the best business strategy is to have a market-related perspective, to use R&D to develop new products with a marked competitive advantage rather than new processes, to minimise investment but to enter the market on a sufficiently large scale. This last condition presupposes a high degree of top-management commitment to the venture. Furthermore, consideration has to be given to whether the organizational culture is such as to nurture rather than stifle the venture by insisting on administrative controls appropriate to the firm's traditional base.
The author points to three areas deserving of further investigation: How a firm in a mature industry can find a related area that is sufficiently attractive; how to fix on the correct scale of an entry taking into account the long lead times before the venture shows a net return; and how to ensure that the corporate culture will be able to accommodate novel interests and procedures.
All the above matters pose questions for the management of technology and the direction of R&D. 相似文献
32.
33.
34.
J. Richard Jones D.B.A. Philip D. Cooper Ph.D. 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1981,9(1-2):28-39
Marketing practitioners in for-profit-making settings are typically well acquainted with what logistical decisions can do
for a marketing program and what marketing constraints can do to a logistics system. For the most part, however, the conceptual
tansfer from a product-oriented firm to a service-producing organization has been lacking and obviously not made in non-profit
marketing situations. This paper examines these areas and presents a creative expansion of the logistics decision-making area
into nonprofit marketing. Hopefully, this setting will encourage others to investigate non-profit areas and, in particular,
the interrelationships involved in the logistics area. 相似文献
35.
Furthering the integration of marketing and logistics through customer service in the channel 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
Lloyd M. Rinehart M. Bixby Cooper George D. Wagenheim 《Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science》1989,17(1):63-71
Recent emphasis on customer service in both the academic and trade literature reveals a growing but confusing body of knowledge.
Both the marketing and logistics disciplines have offered varying definitions of customer service, but have failed to offer
a comprehensive framework which represents customer service and its related marketing and logistics issues. This article offers
the viewpoint that customer service is a conceptual unifying factor for integrating marketing and logistics. The channel system
is introduced as the vehicle by which buyer/seller relationships must be analyzed to understand formation of buyer expectations,
interaction of marketing and logistics activities, and subsequent customer service performance. The institutional, behavioral,
and physical dimensions of channel activity influence many of the marketing and logistics decisions made by management. The
framework offered in this article differs from previous efforts in that customer service is the output of the unified activities
of marketing and logistics. It considers marketing and logistics decisions jointly, re-evaluates and expands the production
function in logistics, and ties customer service to customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction. 相似文献
36.
Luisa Maria Tumbajoy Cardona Rosley Anholon Dirceu da Silva Robert Eduardo Cooper Ordóñez Osvaldo Luiz Gonçalves Quelhas 《Latin American Business Review》2013,14(3-4):297-321
This article aims to evaluate the production line automation projects developed by Brazilian and Colombian companies from the Project Management perspective, through the analysis of the application degree of PMBOK processes, to understand how formal techniques are being employed in these countries and also to identify improvement opportunities, when necessary. Data were collected through a survey. The similarity index between the ten processes, with the highest application degree in the Brazilian and Colombian samples, was 70%. For the processes with the lowest application degree, the similarity index was 60%. No similar study was found in the literature. 相似文献
37.
Many of America's most successful companies have gone through a life cycle similar to the product life cycle. They began as innovators, and then grew to be giants in their markets. But, as their products mature, they need new products to continue company growth. However, the organizational structure of an established company is no longer suited for innovation. The authors provide some insight into this cycle, and offer some solutions for big companies which need new products. 相似文献
38.
Marjorie J. Cooper 《Journal of Business Ethics》2007,75(2):171-180
To develop critical thinking skills, higher order ethical reasoning, a better grasp of the implications of ethical decisions,
and a basis for ethical knowledge, it is necessary to explore the philosophical premises foundational to one’s ethical persuasion.
No philosophical premises are more important than those pertaining to the nature of human personhood and business’ responsibility
to respect the inherent value of human beings. Philosophical naturalism assigns the essence of human personhood strictly to
causal interactions of physical matter. Substance dualism, on the other hand, posits both a physical aspect and an immaterial
substance to personhood, interacting within the totality of each being. This paper argues for the logical superiority of substance
dualism in achieving the overriding objective of discerning ethical knowledge. Substance dualism offers a better explanation
– and one that more closely follows the way most people commonly experience themselves and others–than naturalism for free
agency and accountability, meaningful moral standards, confidence in knowing what ethical decisions to make, and the moral
drive residing in conscience.
Marjorie J. Cooper (aka Caballero), Ph. D. is a Professor of Marketing in the Hankamer School of Business at Baylor University
in Texas. She received her B.A. from Wheaton College in 1970, her M.B.A. from Oklahoma City University in 1977, and her Ph.
D. in Business Administration from Texas A&M University in 1981. Her articles have appeared in the Journal of Marketing, Journal
of Advertising, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Business Research,
Psychology & Marketing, Journal of Professional Selling & Sales Management, Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing, Business
Horizons, Journal of Promotion Management, Journal of Small Business Management, Human Systems Management, and elsewhere. 相似文献
39.
The purpose of this multi-level study is to examine how servant leadership affects both employee creativity and team innovation. Drawing from social identity, in particular, relational identification theory, we found on the basis of a two-nation Asian sample of 154 teams that servant leadership promotes individual relational identification and collective prototypicality with the leader which, in turn, fosters employee creativity and team innovation. In addition, our study suggests that the mediated effect of leader identification is strongest when team climate for innovation is high. 相似文献
40.
Many argue that transgenic technology will have wide-ranging implications for farmers in developing nations. A key concern
is that competencies may be destroyed by predominantly foreign multinational transgenic technologies, exacerbating problems
of social exclusion in the case of subsistence farmers. Conversely, those that fail to adopt the technology may become uncompetitive,
particularly in commodity-based export markets. Drawing on interview data conducted in Brazil and supporting data collected
in North America, Europe and China, we found that the impact of transgenic technology varies. It has less impact on farmers
that adapt the products to their crop systems and environment, and greater negative implications for less formally educated
subsistence farmers in consequence of both complexity and compatibility. Earlier attempts at industrializing agriculture through
technological innovation led to vastly improved agricultural output and exports, but the benefits of productivity was not
equitably distributed [D. Lee: 2005, American Journal of Agricultural Economics
87(5), 1325–1334], nor was it designed to meet specific local environmental and socioeconomic farmer conditions, exacerbating
social exclusion. Multinationals attempting to introduce transgenic technology without considering the broader social and
ethical implications will invite resistance. We discuss the implications for policy makers, multinationals and small-scale
farmers. 相似文献